Phytophthora pluvialis maintenance, spore production and detached needle assays.

Phytophthora pluvialis is an oomycete that primarily infects Pinus radiata and Pseudotsuga menziesii causing the destructive foliar disease red needle cast (RNC). Recent observations show that P. pluvialis can also infect western hemlock inducing resinous cankers.

Topical fluoride impact in future restorative dental procedures: A claim study.

Background: Caries is one of the most prevalent diseases affecting children. Topical fluoride is used to decrease the incidence of caries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of fluoride varnish and gel applications on future restorative dental treatment claims.

Effect of titanium dioxide on biofilm.

Background: (s) participates in the dental caries process. Titanium dioxide (TiO) nanoparticles produce reactive oxygen species capable of disrupting bacterial DNA synthesis by creating pores in cell walls and membranes.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of TiO on the disruption of biofilm.

Comparison of Oropharyngeal Oxygen Pooling and Suctioning During Intubated and Nonintubated Dental Office-Based Anesthesia.

Objective: The risk of a spontaneous surgical fire increases as oxygen concentrations surrounding the surgical site rise above the normal atmospheric level of 21%. Previously published in vitro findings imply this phenomenon (termed oxygen pooling) occurs during dental procedures under sedation and general anesthesia; however, it has not been clinically documented.

Methods: Thirty-one children classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II between 2 and 6 years of age undergoing office-based general anesthesia for complete dental rehabilitation were monitored for intraoral ambient oxygen concentration, end-tidal CO2, and respiratory rate changes immediately following nasotracheal intubation or insertion of nasopharyngeal airways, followed by high-speed suctioning of the oral cavity during simulated dental treatment.

Evaluation of Claim Reports for Potential Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Dental Procedures.

Purpose: To evaluate whether the postponement of dental elective procedures at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with an increased number of simple dental extractions, and/or decreased restorative procedures by analyzing data obtained from state-funded insurance dental claims.

Methods: Paid dental claims collected from March 2019 to December 2019 and from March 2020 to December 2020 for children ages two to 13 years old were analyzed. Dental procedures were selected based on Current Dental Terminology (CDT) codes for simple dental extractions and restorative procedures.

Divergent encoding of active avoidance behavior in corticostriatal and corticolimbic projections.

Active avoidance behavior, in which an animal performs an action to avoid a stressor, is crucial for survival and may provide insight into avoidance behaviors seen in anxiety disorders. Active avoidance requires the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), which is thought to regulate avoidance via downstream projections to the striatum and amygdala. However, the endogenous activity of dmPFC projections during active avoidance learning has never been recorded.

Effect of Quarantine and Reopening Measures on Pediatric Trauma Admissions During the 2019 SARS-CoV2 Virus Pandemic.

Background: Several studies have reported decreased trauma admissions and increased physical abuse in children resulting from stay-at-home measures. However, these studies have focused on a limited period after the implementation of lockdown policies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of quarantine and reopening initiatives on admissions for varying types of injuries in pediatric patients.

Prescription of bite-wing and panoramic radiographs in pediatric dental patients: An assessment of current trends and provider compliance.

Background: The aim of the authors was to evaluate prescription patterns for bite-wing and panoramic radiographs (PRs) for pediatric and adolescent dental patients after the implementation of the most recent guidelines from the American Dental Association and US Food and Drug Administration.

Methods: The authors accessed paid insurance claims data for all 50 states from January 1, 2013, through June 30, 2019, for patients 18 years and younger and extracted a 5% random sample population. The authors performed statistical analyses to evaluate various imaging metrics for pediatric dentists (PDs) and general practitioners (GPs).

Pediatric Phantom Dosimetry of a Portable Handheld X-ray Device.

The purpose of this study was to quantify radiation dose from the XTG (Xray2Go) handheld X-ray device for bitewing and maxillary anterior occlusal projections using a pediatric phantom. The aim was to evaluate effects of thyroid shielding on total effective dose (E) and tissue equivalent doses (HT) and assess operator backscatter radiation. Methods:A pediatric phantom head with 24 tissue site dosimeters was exposed to radiation from the x-ray device.

Robustness and plasticity in Drosophila heat avoidance.

Simple innate behavior is often described as hard-wired and largely inflexible. Here, we show that the avoidance of hot temperature, a simple innate behavior, contains unexpected plasticity in Drosophila. First, we demonstrate that hot receptor neurons of the antenna and their molecular heat sensor, Gr28B.

Blood levels of lead and dental caries in permanent teeth.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an association between lead exposure within the ages of 1-4 years and dental caries in the permanent dentition between ages 9-17 among Mexican youth.

Methods: Data were collected for the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort from a group of 490 children born and reared in Mexico City. Among ages 1-4 years, blood lead levels were measured in micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood (μg/dL) and the presence of caries in adolescence was determined using the International Caries and Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS).

Publisher Correction: Dissociable dopamine dynamics for learning and motivation.

Change history: In this Article, an extraneous label appeared in Fig. 4b, and has been removed in the online version.

Dissociable dopamine dynamics for learning and motivation.

The dopamine projection from ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) is critical for motivation to work for rewards and reward-driven learning. How dopamine supports both functions is unclear. Dopamine cell spiking can encode prediction errors, which are vital learning signals in computational theories of adaptive behaviour.

Acceptance of Behavior Guidance Techniques Used in Pediatric Dentistry by Parents From Diverse Backgrounds.

. To investigate if parental background affects acceptance of behavior guidance techniques. .

Utilization of Stainless Steel Crowns by Pediatric and General Dentists.

Dental caries affects 23 percent of U.S. children aged two to five years old.

Silver Diamine Fluoride and Potassium Iodide Disruption of In Vitro .

The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory in vitro effects of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) with and without a saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI) on established biofilm. Fifty μl of an overnight culture (10 CFU per mL) in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) and three ml of fresh TSB supplemented with one percent sucrose (TSBS) were incubated for 24 hours to establish an biofilm in six-well tissue culture plates. Four treatments (SDF, SSKI, SDF plus SSKI, and untreated control) were used to disrupt the biofilm.

Comparison of Intubated Versus Nonintubated Airway Management in Children Under General Anesthesia Provided by Dentist Anesthesiologists.

Use of general anesthesia (GA) for comprehensive dental treatment of children is an essential health benefit. Pediatric dentists utilize dentist anesthesiologists to provide GA for dental rehabilitation of severe early childhood caries. Dentist anesthesiologists deliver GA using intubated or nonintubated GA.

Prehospital Airway Management Examined at Two Pediatric Emergency Centers.

Unlabelled: IntroductionRoutine advanced airway usage by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) has had conflicting reports of being the secure airway of choice in pediatric patients.Hypothesis/ProblemThe primary objective was to describe a pediatric cohort requiring airway management upon their arrival directly from the scene to two pediatric emergency departments (PEDs). A secondary objective included assessing for associations in EMS airway management and patient outcomes.

In Vitro Effects of Sports and Energy Drinks on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and Metabolic Activity.

Purpose: Sports and energy drinks are being increasingly consumed and contain large amounts of sugars, which are known to increase Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and metabolic activity. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effects of sports and energy drinks on S. mutans biofilm formation and metabolic activity.

Prescription of Panoramic Radiographs in Children: A Health Services Assessment of Current Guidelines.

Purpose: To (1) determine adherence to guidelines when prescribing panoramic radiographs (PR) for patients 18 y.o. and younger; and 2) compare PR prescriptions between general dentists (GPs) and pediatric dentists (PDs).

The Effect of DynaCleft® on Cleft Width in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients.

Objective: The specific aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to assess the efficacy of DynaCleft® as a method of presurgical orthopedics with infants with a unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate who used an oral obturator.

Study Design: Data was collected from 25 infants all of comparable age diagnosed with a unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. Eight patients used DynaCleft ® and an obturator (Group Alpha) and seventeen patients only had an obturator (Group Beta).

Elucidating Substrate Promiscuity within the FabI Enzyme Family.

The rapidly growing appreciation of enzymes' catalytic and substrate promiscuity may lead to their expanded use in the fields of chemical synthesis and industrial biotechnology. Here, we explore the substrate promiscuity of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductases (commonly known as FabI) and how that promiscuity is a function of inherent reactivity and the geometric demands of the enzyme's active site. We demonstrate that these enzymes catalyze the reduction of a wide range of substrates, particularly α,β-unsaturated aldehydes.