Hip external rotation isometric torque for soccer, basketball, and volleyball athletes: normative data and asymmetry index.

Background: Deficits in strength of the hip external rotators (ER) affect trunk, hip, and knee movement patterns, potentially contributing to injury in athletes.

Objectives: To provide normative data on isometric torque for hip ER in athletes of three distinct sports and to determine if isometric torque for the hip ER and torque asymmetry between legs differ among sports and between sexes.

Methods: Basketball, soccer, and volleyball athletes (n=451) were evaluated.

Achilles tendinosis: a morphometrical study in a rat model.

This study addresses the morphopathogenesis of Achilles tendinosis, using a rat model and presenting quantitative analysis of time-dependent histological changes. Thirty Wistar rats were used, randomly split in experimental and control groups. Animals of the experimental group were submitted to a treadmill running scheme.