Status epilepticus: Is there a Stage 1 plus?

In status epilepticus (SE), "time is brain." Currently, first-line therapy consists of benzodiazepines (BDZs) and SE is classified by the response to treatment; stage 2 or established SE is defined as "BDZ-resistant SE." Nonetheless, this classification does not always work, especially in the case of prolonged convulsive SE, where many molecular changes occur and γ-aminobutyric acid signaling becomes excitatory.

Does sex influence the natural history of idiopathic adult-onset dystonia?

Background: Several earlier studies showed a female predominance in idiopathic adult-onset dystonia (IAOD) affecting the craniocervical area and a male preponderance in limb dystonia. However, sex-related differences may result from bias inherent to study design. Moreover, information is lacking on whether sex-related differences exist in expressing other dystonia-associated features and dystonia spread.

Elderly Onset of Functional Motor Disorders: Clinical Correlates from the Italian Registry.

Background: Functional motor disorders (FMD) are a frequent neurological condition affecting patients with movement disorders. Commonly described in younger adults, their manifestation can be also associated to an elderly onset.

Objective: To assess the prevalence and describe the clinical manifestations of FMD with elderly and younger onset and their relationship with demographical and clinical variables.

The Dark side of the White Matter. Diffuse subcortical White Matter Hypointensity on T2/FLAIR: A systematic review of a frequently underrecognized sign.

Background And Objectives: Many reversible brain MRI abnormalities have been described, among these the most frequently reported are cortical hyperintensities on FLAIR/T2 occurring during seizures. Much less attention has been given to those situations where White Matter goes Dark: subcortical white matter hypointensity on T2/FLAIR. Our aim is to identify the medical condition "Dark White Matter" (DWM) is more frequently associated with.

Do cerebrovascular risk factors impact the clinical expression of idiopathic isolated adult-onset dystonia?

Background: Although acquired dystonia may develop following ischaemic/haemorrhagic stroke, the relationship between cerebrovascular disease and idiopathic dystonia has been poorly investigated. This cross sectional study aimed at evaluating the impact of cerebrovascular risk factors on the clinical expression of idiopathic adult onset dystonia (IAOD), with reference to dystonia localization and dystonia-associated features.

Methods: Data were obtained from the Italian Dystonia Registry.

Regional Targeted Subcutaneous Injection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A in Refractory Chronic Migraine: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we evaluated the efficacy of an individualized technique of subcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) targeted (SjBoT) to the occipital or trigeminal skin area in non-responder patients with chronic migraine (CM). Patients who had not previously responded to at least two treatments of intramuscular injections of BoNT-A were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive two subcutaneous administrations of BoNT-A (up to 200 units) with the SjBoT injection paradigm or placebo. Following the skin area where the maximum pain began, treatment was given in the trigeminal or occipital region bilaterally.