Brn-3a, a neuronal transcription factor of the POU gene family: indications for its involvement in cancer and angiogenesis.

Brn-3a, a member of the POU gene family (so-called because of the similarity with the group of transcription factors Pit, Oct, and Unc), was found in neuronal cells engaged in the transcription activity of the p1 and p2 promoters of the most powerful antiapoptotic gene, namely, Bcl-2. The alternative splicing of Brn-3a mRNA produces two molecular forms: a longer, Bcl-2 transactivating form, and a shorter inactive form, lacking 84 AA in the aminoterminus. In neuronal cells, following Brn-3a gene transfection and superexpression, an increase of 30 fold of the Bcl-2 protein occurs, leading to apoptosis protection.

Multiple pathways of cell invasion are regulated by multiple families of serine proteases.

The complex process of tumor invasion requires the coordinated expression and activity of cell-substratum adhesive interactions and of cell-associated protease systems, which destroy the extracellular matrix (ECM), in order to enable the invading cells to simultaneously grip and destroy the anatomical barriers that control cell spreading. A number of data indicate that such a 'grip and go' process may be performed by an enlarging series of cell membrane-associated serine proteases and serine protease receptors, which provide the invasive cells with a functional unit (the protease and its receptor), able to mediate cell-substratum adhesion through specific receptor domains, to proteolytically degrade ECM and to deliver into the cell signals that up-regulate the expression either of the protease/receptor complex, or of other adhesion molecules, such as integrins. There is evidence that some proteases and protease receptor expression are under the control of tumor hypoxia, which is the result of an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand.

Apoptosis: molecular regulation of cell death and hematologic malignancies.

We describe the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and its relationships with hematologic malignancies, stressing the concept that, both positive and negative deregulation of apoptosis, may be involved in hematologic human diseases. So, this fundamental process must be balanced by so far unknown mechanisms, involving caspases (cysteine proteases, cleaving the protein substrate after an aspartate residue). These, so far known, ten proteases, are interconnected in a molecular cascade, initiated by the release of cytochrome C from mitochondrial membranes and its interaction with APAF-1 (the homolog of the Caenorhabditis e.