Sex Differences in Peripheral Vascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Sex differences in the risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of patients with cardiovascular disease have been well described; however, the bulk of the literature has focused on heart disease in women. Data on sex differences in peripheral vascular disease are ill defined, and there is a need to report and understand those sex-related differences to mitigate adverse outcomes related to those disparities. Although peripheral vascular disease is a highly diverse group of disorders affecting the arteries, veins, and lymphatics, this scientific statement focuses on disorders affecting the peripheral arteries to include the aorta and its branch vessels.

Lower Extremity Bypass.

The original description of the lower extremity bypass (LEB) provided surgeons with a reliable method of limb revascularization. The tenets of the operation have formed the foundation for the advances of surgical care. A careful evaluation of the chronic limb-threatening ischemia patient due to the numerous comorbid conditions is paramount to obtain the best possible outcomes.