Critical review of the potential effects and risks to pollinators and aquatic organisms from the agricultural uses of sulfoxaflor; introductory comments.

The first paper in a series of seven serves as an overview of the initiation of the insecticide Sulfoxaflor Environmental Science review process and provides some regulatory background. The following papers are a series and describe a critical analysis of the data related to sulfoxaflor in terms of its uses, properties, environmental fate, and potential effects on aquatic organisms, and pollinators. The last paper describes a refined model for hazard and risk assessment of pesticides in pollinators.

Biological characterization of fenpicoxamid, a new fungicide with utility in cereals and other crops.

Background: The development of novel highly efficacious fungicides that lack cross-resistance is extremely desirable. Fenpicoxamid (Inatreq™ active) possesses these characteristics and is a member of a novel picolinamide class of fungicides derived from the antifungal natural product UK-2A.

Results: Fenpicoxamid strongly inhibited in vitro growth of several ascomycete fungi, including Zymoseptoria tritici (EC , 0.

Adverse outcome pathways and ecological risk assessment: bridging to population-level effects.

Maintaining the viability of populations of plants and animals is a key focus for environmental regulation. Population-level responses integrate the cumulative effects of chemical stressors on individuals as those individuals interact with and are affected by their conspecifics, competitors, predators, prey, habitat, and other biotic and abiotic factors. Models of population-level effects of contaminants can integrate information from lower levels of biological organization and feed that information into higher-level community and ecosystem models.