U.S. refinery efficiency: impacts analysis and implications for fuel carbon policy implementation.

In the next two decades, the U.S. refining industry will face significant changes resulting from a rapidly evolving domestic petroleum energy landscape.

Energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission intensity of petroleum products at U.S. refineries.

This paper describes the development of (1) a formula correlating the variation in overall refinery energy efficiency with crude quality, refinery complexity, and product slate; and (2) a methodology for calculating energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensities and processing fuel shares of major U.S. refinery products.