The Guide to Community Preventive Services and Disability Inclusion.

Introduction: Approximately 40 million people in the U.S. identify as having a serious disability, and people with disabilities experience many health disparities compared with the general population.

Disability status, mortality, and leading causes of death in the United States community population.

Objective: We examined the effect of functional disability on all-cause mortality and cause-specific deaths among community-dwelling US adults.

Methods: We used data from 142,636 adults who participated in the 1994-1995 National Health Interview Survey-Disability Supplement eligible for linkage to National Death Index records from 1994 to 2006 to estimate the effects of disability on mortality and leading causes of death.

Results: Adults with any disability were more likely to die than adults without disability (19.

Vital signs: disability and physical activity--United States, 2009-2012.

Background: Adults with disabilities are less active and have higher rates of chronic disease than the general population. Given the health benefits of physical activity, understanding physical activity, its relationship with chronic disease, and health professional recommendations for physical activity among young to middle-age adults with disabilities could help increase the effectiveness of health promotion efforts.

Methods: Data from the 2009-2012 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were used to estimate the prevalence of, and association between, aerobic physical activity (inactive, insufficiently active, or active) and chronic diseases (heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer) among adults aged 18-64 years by disability status and type (hearing, vision, cognitive, and mobility).

Epilogue.

As racial and ethnic minorities constitute ever larger percentages of the U.S. population, the overall health statistics of the nation increasingly reflect the health status of these groups.

Conclusion and future directions: CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report - United States, 2013.

The reports in this supplement document persistent disparities between some population groups in health outcomes, access to health care, adoption of health promoting behaviors, and exposure to health-promoting environments. Some improvements in overall rates and even reductions in some health disparities are noted; however, many gaps persist. These finding highlight the importance of monitoring health status, outcomes, behaviors, and exposures by population groups to assess trends and target interventions.

Disability prevalence among healthy weight, overweight, and obese adults.

Objective: Obesity is associated with adverse health outcomes in people with and without disabilities. However, little is known about disability prevalence among people who are obese. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and type of disability among adults who are obese.

Estimating disability prevalence among adults by body mass index: 2003-2009 National Health Interview Survey.

Introduction: Obesity is associated with adverse health outcomes in people with and without disabilities; however, little is known about disability prevalence among people who are obese. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and type of disability among obese adults in the United States.

Methods: We analyzed pooled data from sample adult modules of the 2003-2009 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to obtain national prevalence estimates of disability, disability type, and obesity by using 30 questions that screened for activity limitations, vision and hearing impairment, and cognitive, movement, and emotional difficulties.

Evolving views of disability and public health: the roles of advocacy and public health.

Promoting health, quality of life, and participation of persons with disabilities is a relatively recent development in public health. Its brief history reflects three distinct public health perspectives toward disability-a traditional approach that focuses on preventing disability, a contemporary approach that regards disability as a minority group experiencing disparities relative to people without disabilities, and an emerging perspective where disability status is considered one of multiple determinants of health. The field of disability and health has been influenced by the interaction of disability advocacy with the public health process of surveillance, epidemiology research, and intervention.

Outpatient medical conditions among children and adults with spina bifida in the United States: Frequency and expenditures.

Objective: To describe the most prevalent conditions and their associated expenditures for the outpatient care of individuals with spina bifida (SB) of varying ages.

Design: From a large health insurance claims database of people with private insurance, we examined records on outpatient health care received during 2005-2006 for individuals with SB and a matched comparison group. Chronic conditions from the most frequently recorded 4-digit ICD-9-CM codes for individuals with SB were grouped into four categories: cardiovascular disease risk factors, SB secondary conditions, pain, and other symptoms.

Preparing for and responding to pandemic influenza: implications for people with disabilities.

State, local, tribal, and territorial emergency managers and public health officials must address the specific needs of people with disabilities in their pandemic influenza plans. Evidence from Hurricane Katrina indicated that this population was disproportionately affected by the storm and aftermath. People with disabilities, particularly those who require personal assistance and those who reside in congregate care facilities, may be at increased risk during an influenza pandemic because of disrupted care or the introduction of the virus by their caregivers.

Hospitalization for urinary tract infections and the quality of preventive health care received by people with spina bifida.

Background: The preventive health care needs of people with disabilities often go unmet, resulting in medical complications that may require hospitalization. Such complications could be due, in part, to difficulty accessing care or the quality of ambulatory care services received.

Objective: To use hospitalizations for urinary tract infections (UTIs) as a marker of the potential quality of ambulatory care services received by people affected by spina bifida.

Age at disability onset and self-reported health status.

Background: The critical importance of improving the well-being of people with disabilities is highlighted in many national health plans. Self-reported health status is reduced both with age and among people with disabilities. Because both factors are related to health status and the influence of the age at disability onset on health status is unclear, we examined the relationship between disability onset and health status.

State-level prevalence of cigarette smoking and treatment advice, by disability status, United States, 2004.

Introduction: To our knowledge, no study has determined whether smoking prevalence is higher among people with disabilities than among people without disabilities across all U.S. states.

State and metropolitan-area estimates of disability in the United States, 2001.

Objectives: We sought to provide estimates of disability prevalence for states and metropolitan areas in the United States.

Methods: We analyzed Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 2001 for all 50 states and the District of Columbia and 103 metropolitan areas. We performed stratified analyses by demographics for 20 metropolitan areas with the highest prevalence of disability.

Vision impairment and hearing loss among community-dwelling older Americans: implications for health and functioning.

Objectives: We investigated the health, activity, and social participation of people aged 70 years or older with vision impairment, hearing loss, or both.

Methods: We examined the 1994 Second Supplement on Aging to determine the health and activities of these 3 groups compared with those without sensory loss. We calculated odds ratios and classified variables according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework.