Three-dimensional, Scaffold-Free, Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation: A Systematic Review.

Background: A 3-dimensional, scaffold-free, and completely autologous form of chondrocyte transplantation (ACT3D) has been developed and applied in clinical practice in the past decade to overcome disadvantages of previous-generation procedures.

Purpose: To document and analyze the available literature on the results of ACT3D in the treatment of articular chondral lesions in the knee and hip joints.

Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.