Serum sPD-L1 levels are elevated in patients with viral diseases, bacterial sepsis or in patients with impaired renal function compared to healthy blood donors.

Objectives: Immune checkpoints play an important role in maintaining the balance of the immune system and in the development of autoimmune diseases. A central checkpoint molecule is the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1, CD279) which is typically located on the surface of T cells. Its primary ligand PD-L1 is expressed on antigen presenting cells and on cancer cells.

Immunity of Heterologously and Homologously Boosted or Convalescent Individuals Against Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.4/5 Variants.

Background: The emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variants BA.1, BA.2, and BA.

Upregulation of Checkpoint Ligand Programmed Death-Ligand 1 in Patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Explained by Proximal Complement Activation.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare hemolytic disease driven by impaired complement regulation. Mutations in genes encoding the enzymes that build the GPI anchors are causative, with somatic mutations in the gene occurring most frequently. As a result, the important membrane-bound complement regulators CD55 and CD59 are missing on the affected hematopoietic stem cells and their progeny, rendering those cells vulnerable to complement attack.

Tigecycline Interferes with Fibrinogen Polymerization Independent of Peripheral Interactions with the Coagulation System.

Tigecycline offers broad anti-bacterial coverage for critically ill patients with complicated infections. A described but less researched side effect is coagulopathy. The aim of this study was to test whether tigecycline interferes with fibrinogen polymerization by peripheral interactions.