From egg to slaughter: monitoring the welfare of Nile tilapia, , throughout their entire life cycle in aquaculture.

The primary aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the welfare of Nile tilapia throughout their entire life cycle within aquaculture, spanning from reproduction to slaughter. The methodology was structured to identify welfare indicators closely aligned with the principles of animal freedoms defined by the Farm Animal Council, encompassing environmental, health, nutritional, behavioral, and psychological freedom. Notably, psychological freedom was inherently considered within the behavioral and physical analyses of the animals.