A conceptual model for chronic hepatitis B and content validity of the Hepatitis B Quality of Life (HBQOL) instrument.

Background: There is increased emphasis on incorporating patient perspectives and patient-relevant endpoints in drug development. We developed a conceptual model of the impact of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) on patients' lives and evaluated the content validity of the Hepatitis B Quality of Life (HBQOL) instrument, a patient-reported outcome tool for use in clinical studies, as a patient-relevant endpoint to measure health-related quality of life in patients with CHB.

Methods: A literature review of qualitative studies of patient experience with CHB and concept elicitation telephone interviews with patients with CHB in the United Kingdom were used to develop a conceptual model of the experience and impact of living with CHB.

No evidence of resistance to itraconazole in a prospective real-world trial of dermatomycosis in India.

Background: The prevalence of superficial fungal infections in India is believed to have increased substantially in the past decade. We evaluated the treatment outcomes and risk factors associated with clinical response to a treatment course of itraconazole for the management of dermatomycosis in India.

Methods: In this real-world, prospective pilot study (August 2019 to March 2020), adult participants (18-60 years), diagnosed with T.

Clinical Outcomes and Quantitative HBV Surface Antigen Levels in Diverse Chronic Hepatitis B Patients in Canada: A Retrospective Real-World Study of CHB in Canada (REVEAL-CANADA).

Background: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss is associated with improved clinical outcomes for individuals with chronic hepatitis B (CHB); however, the effects of varying HBsAg levels on clinical outcomes in diverse cohorts are understudied.

Methods: In this cross-sectional, multicentre, retrospective study, the data on adult subjects enrolled in the Canadian HBV Network with CHB seen from 1 January 2012 to 30 January 2021 with the treatment and virologic data within 1 year of HBsAg testing were analyzed. Patients were tested for HBsAg using qualitative (for HBsAg-negative samples) and/or commercial quantitative assays.

Risk of retinal detachment and exposure to fluoroquinolones, common antibiotics, and febrile illness using a self-controlled case series study design: Retrospective analyses of three large healthcare databases in the US.

Objective: The risk of retinal detachment (RD) following exposure to fluoroquinolone (FQ) has been assessed in multiple studies, however, results have been mixed. This study was designed to estimate the risk of RD following exposure to FQ, other common antibiotics, and febrile illness not treated with antibiotics (FINTA) using a self-controlled case series (SCCS) study design to reduce risk of confounding from unreported patient characteristics.

Design: Retrospective database analysis-SCCS.

Evaluation of disability in patients exposed to fluoroquinolones.

Background: Fluoroquinolones are used for conditions including sinusitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections. It has been suggested that exposure to fluoroquinolones for these conditions is associated with disability resulting from adverse events in 2 or more organ systems. The objectives were to: describe: 1) fluoroquinolone, azithromycin, and sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim utilization for these infections; 2) the rate of disability associated with exposure to each of these antibiotic classes and adverse events in 2 or more system organ classes, and 3) compare outcome rates for each of the antibiotic classes.

Economic Outcomes of First-Line Regimen Switching Among Stable Patients with HIV.

Background: Although switching of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a valid approach for addressing treatment failure in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), ART changes among those who are well maintained on their current regimens may lead to the development of new side effects or resistance.

Objective: To examine the effect of first-line regimen switching on subsequent health care utilization and cost among stable HIV patients.

Methods: This was a retrospective claims data study of adult patients with HIV who initiated ART between 2007 and 2013 and had been treated with their initial regimens for at least 6 continuous months.

Real-World Assessment of Renal and Bone Safety among Patients with HIV Infection Exposed to Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate-Containing Single-Tablet Regimens.

Objectives: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-containing antiretroviral regimens have been associated with an increased incidence of renal and bone adverse outcomes. Here, we estimated the real-world incidence of renal and bone adverse outcomes among patients with HIV infection receiving different TDF-containing single-tablet regimens (STRs).

Methods: This cohort study used US health insurance data spanning the years 2008-2014.

Cost-effectiveness of DTG + ABC/3TC versus EFV/TDF/FTC for first-line treatment of HIV-1 in the United States.

Objective: Data from the SINGLE trial demonstrated that 88% of treatment-naïve HIV-1 patients treated with dolutegravir and abacavir/lamivudine (DTG + ABC/3TC) achieved viral suppression at 48 weeks compared with 81% of patients treated with efavirenz/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (EFV/TDF/FTC). It is unclear how this difference in short-term efficacy impacts long-term cost-effectiveness of these regimens. This study sought to evaluate long-term cost-effectiveness of DTG + ABC/3TC vs EFV/TDF/FTC from a US payer perspective.

Comparison of the metabolic effects of ritonavir-boosted darunavir or atazanavir versus raltegravir, and the impact of ritonavir plasma exposure: ACTG 5257.

Background: Metabolic effects following combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) vary by regimen type. Changes in metabolic effects were assessed following cART in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) A5257 study, and correlated with plasma ritonavir trough concentrations (C24).

Methods: Treatment-naive adult subjects were randomized to ritonavir-boosted atazanavir or darunavir, or raltegravir-based cART.

Elevated prevalence of hepatitis B in Mexican hemodialysis patients. A multicentric survey.

Background And Aims: The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in patients on renal replacement has been reduced in developed countries, but information from developing nations is currently scarce and high prevalence rates are suspected. We undertook this study to analyze the prevalence of HBV infection and identify risk factors associated with it in a sample of Mexican hemodialysis patients.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in patients on hemodialysis in Mexico.

Effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among HIV-infected patients in Mexico.

The National Government HAART Program (NGP) for the provision of HAART to uninsured HIV-infected persons in Mexico began in 2001. The objective was to describe the virologic outcome of patients enrolled in the NGP in a large HIV treatment center in Mexico City. HIV-infected persons, naive or < or =6 months on HAART, who entered the NGP from 2001 to 2005 were included.

Prospective, randomized, open label trial of Efavirenz vs Lopinavir/Ritonavir in HIV+ treatment-naive subjects with CD4+<200 cell/mm3 in Mexico.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of efavirenz (EFV) vs lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in combination with azidothymidine/lamivudine in antiretroviral therapy naive, HIV+ individuals presenting for care with CD4 counts <200/mm.

Methods: Prospective, randomized, open label, multicenter trial in Mexico. HIV-infected subjects with CD4 <200/mm were randomized to receive open label EFV or LPV/r plus azidothymidine/lamivudine (fixed-dose combination) for 48 weeks.

Early loss of measles antibodies after MMR vaccine among HIV-infected adults receiving HAART.

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the immune response to measles vaccine of HIV-infected adults in comparison to HIV non-infected adults.

Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study to identify adults lacking measles antibodies. 26 HIV-infected patients and 22 controls found to be measles seronegative in the cross-sectional study, received the MMR vaccine.

Molecular epidemiology and risk factors of bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae A case-control study.

Objectives: To study the prevalence, risk factors, outcome, and molecular epidemiology in patients with bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) (cases), in comparison with patients with bacteremia caused by a susceptible Kp (controls).

Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study including all episodes of Kp bacteremia for the period 1993 to 2002 at a referral hospital for adults in Mexico. ESBL production was tested for by E-test.

[Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis utility during chemotherapy-induced severe neutropenia in patients with acute leukemia, with fluoroquinolone resistance high prevalence, in a reference hospital in Mexico City].

Background: The use of fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in patients with cancer and neutropenia has failed to show a significant impact on mortality, despite its usefulness in reducing the incidence of gramnegative bacteremia. However, an increase in grampositive bacteremia and the emergence of resistant colonizing bacteria have consistently been noticed.

Objective: To determine the impact of prophylaxis with fluoroquinolones on the incidence of bacteremia and mortality in a hospital with high fluorquinolone resistance in Mexico City.

[Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma: 1. Course during the 20 years of the epidemic. 2. The experience at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán: 1986-2003].

The goal of this presentation is the description of the epidemiologic evolution and changes in natural history of the human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) epidemic itself and its relation with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma (ARL). We have started with the description of the world's state of the HIV epidemic, its features since the first case report in the United States of America in 1981, through the peak of new diagnoses in 1993 until the event that changed the natural history of the disease: the era of the widespread use of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), introduced in 1995 in the world and in 1997 in our country. The widespread introduction of HAART led to dramatic reductions in AIDS related mortality and morbidity throughout the developed world with a marked fall in the incidence of the major opportunistic infections in AIDS.

Human immunodeficiency virus-induced apoptosis of human hepatocytes via CXCR4.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is commonly associated with liver dysfunction. The X4 HIV glycoprotein 120 envelope (env) induces apoptosis in T cells and neurons via the HIV coreceptor CXCR4. Therefore, we investigated whether hepatocyte death could result from the HIV env signaling through CXCR4 on the hepatocyte.

Detection of JNK and p38 activation by flow cytometry analysis.

JNK and p38 protein kinases are involved in the signal transduction of apoptotic stimulus. JNK and p38 are activated by dual phosphorylation on threonine and tyrosine residues. Different techniques such as Western blotting (WB) and confocal microscopy analysis have been developed to detect the activation by using antibodies that recognize the phosphorylated forms of both enzymes.

G protein-coupled chemokine receptors induce both survival and apoptotic signaling pathways.

Chemokine receptors are essential for triggering chemotaxis to immune cells; however, a number of them can also mediate death when engaged by nonchemokine ligands. When the chemokine receptor CXCR4 is engaged by stromal cell-derived factor (SDF1)alpha, it triggers cells to chemotax, and in some cell types such as neurons, causes cell death. To elucidate this dual and opposing receptor function, we have investigated whether CXCR4 activation by its chemokine SDF1alpha could lead to the simultaneous activation of both anti- and proapoptotic signaling pathways; the balance ultimately influencing cell survival.

CCR5 mediates Fas- and caspase-8 dependent apoptosis of both uninfected and HIV infected primary human CD4 T cells.

Design: HIV Env interaction with the corresponding chemokine receptor dictates the molecular mechanism of death of both HIV-infected and uninfected primary CD4 T cells. CXCR4/T tropic HIV virus (X4) triggers CD4 T cell death through a caspase independent mechanism, whereas CCR5/M tropic HIV virus (R5) HIV triggers a caspase dependent death. In the present study, we have investigated the pathway whereby R5 Env-CR5 interactions lead to a caspase dependent cell death.