Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA), a Glyphosate Metabolite, Decreases Plasma Cholinesterase Activity in Rats.

Glyphosate, a widely used herbicide, is linked to a plethora of deleterious effects in both clinical and preclinical studies. Nevertheless, the effects of its main metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), whose half-life in soil is even longer than that of glyphosate, have been little explored. On this basis, as a first approach, in this work, we report that intraperitoneal (i.

Functional Analysis of TRPA1, TRPM3, and TRPV1 Channels in Human Dermal Arteries and Their Role in Vascular Modulation.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are pivotal in modulating vascular functions. In fact, topical application of cinnamaldehyde or capsaicin (TRPA1 and TRPV1 channel agonists, respectively) induces "local" changes in blood flow by releasing vasodilator neuropeptides. We investigated TRP channels' contributions and the pharmacological mechanisms driving vasodilation in human isolated dermal arteries.

Home hospitalization of the acute patient: a new approach to care.

Pediatric hospitalization at home (HAH) aims to provide the patient and his family with an alternative to conventional hospitalization, safely and effectively, improving the quality of life of the patient and his family. The most frequent pathologies in HAH in pediatric acute patients are acute respiratory pathology and bacterial infections that require parenteral antibiotic therapy. The success of an acute patient home hospitalization program relies on the proper selection of patients and exhaustive training of caregivers, as well as good communication and coordination between the different services and levels of care involved.

Serotonergic Modulation of Neurovascular Transmission: A Focus on Prejunctional 5-HT Receptors/Mechanisms.

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), or serotonin, plays a crucial role as a neuromodulator and/or neurotransmitter of several nervous system functions. Its actions are complex, and depend on multiple factors, including the type of effector or receptor activated. Briefly, 5-HT can activate: (i) metabotropic (G-protein-coupled) receptors to promote inhibition (5-HT, 5-HT) or activation (5-HT, 5-HT, 5-HT) of adenylate cyclase, as well as activation (5-HT) of phospholipase C; and (ii) ionotropic receptor (5-HT), a ligand-gated Na/K channel.

Perception about adult caregiving among Chilean adolescents.

Background: Chronic stress has short and long-term consequences during child and adolescent development if the stress is not mediated by adult care-giving.

Aim: To assess the perceptions of parental responsiveness, demand, and monitoring among seventh grade students.

Material And Methods: We applied the Brief Parental Scale (developed and validated locally) asking 12 items about three dimensions, namely responsiveness, demand, and monitoring to 524 seventh grade students aged 12 years, 48% females, from eight public and private schools at Santiago.

Pharmacological Profile of the Purinergic P2Y Receptors That Modulate, in Response to ADPβS, the Vasodepressor Sensory CGRPergic Outflow in Pithed Rats.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), an endogenous neuropeptide released from perivascular sensory nerves, exerts a powerful vasodilatation. Interestingly, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stimulates the release of CGRP by activation of prejunctional P2X receptors, and adenosine 5'-O-2-thiodiphosphate (ADPβS), a stable adenosine diphosphate (ADP) analogue, produces vasodilator/vasodepressor responses by endothelial P2Y receptors. Since the role of ADP in the prejunctional modulation of the vasodepressor sensory CGRPergic drive and the receptors involved remain unknown, this study investigated whether ADPβS inhibits this CGRPergic drive.

Sympathy-Empathy and the Radicalization of Young People.

Background: The sympathy-empathy (SE) system is commonly considered a key faculty implied in prosocial behaviors, and SE deficits (also called callous-unemotional traits, CUTs) are associated with nonprosocial and even violent behaviors. Thus, the first intuitive considerations considered a lack of SE among young people who undergo radicalization. Yet, their identification with a cause, their underlying feelings of injustice and grievance, and the other ways in which they may help communities, suggest that they may actually have a lot of empathy, even an excess of it.

Trigeminovascular effects of propranolol in men and women, role for sex steroids.

Objective: Assess whether propranolol modulates the trigeminovascular system in both men and women.

Methods: We investigated the effect of propranolol (80 mg, 90 min after oral administration, corresponding to T ) on the increase in dermal blood flow of the forehead skin (innervated by the trigeminal nerve) by capsaicin application (0.6 mg/mL) and electrical stimulation (0.

Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats modifies the role D , D and D dopamine receptors play in cardiac sympathetic inhibition.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is associated with abnormalities in peripheral/central catecholaminergic systems, including changes in catecholamine levels and receptor expression.

Objective: Since quinpirole-induced cardiac sympathetic inhibition is greater in diabetic than in normoglycemic rats, this study pharmacologically investigated the dopamine D -like receptor subtypes that mediate cardiac sympathetic inhibition in diabetic (streptozotocin [STZ]-pretreated) pithed rats.

Methods: Fifty male Wistar rats were pretreated with STZ, pithed and conditioned for spinal stimulation (C -T ) of the tachycardic sympathetic tone.

Prospective role of α-adrenoceptor subtypes in the modulation of cardioaccelerator sympathetic tone in an experimental model of diabetes.

Abnormalities in the cardiac sympathetic innervation and tone, as well as in the noradrenergic system are associated, among other peripheral complications, with diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, B-HT 933, an agonist at α-adrenoceptors, induces a greater cardiac sympathetic inhibition in diabetic rats than in normoglycaemic rats. Accordingly, this pharmacological study analysed the specific involvement of the α adrenoceptor subtypes mediating inhibition of the cardioaccelerator sympathetic tone (i.

The impact of CGRPergic monoclonal antibodies on prophylactic antimigraine therapy and potential adverse events.

Migraine is a prevalent medical condition and the second most disabling neurological disorder. Regarding its pathophysiology, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a key role, and, consequently, specific antimigraine pharmacotherapy has been designed to target this system. Hence, apart from the gepants, the recently developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a novel approach to treat this disorder.

A critical review of the neurovascular nature of migraine and the main mechanisms of action of prophylactic antimigraine medications.

Introduction: Migraine involves neurovascular, functional, and anatomical alterations. Migraineurs experience an intense unilateral and pulsatile headache frequently accompanied with vomiting, nausea, photophobia, etc. Although there is no ideal preventive medication, frequency in migraine days may be partially decreased by some prophylactics, including antihypertensives, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and CGRPergic inhibitors.

Metabolic Aspects of Migraine: Association With Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus.

Migraine is a disabling neurovascular disorder, characterized by moderate to severe unilateral headaches, nausea, photophobia, and/or phonophobia, with a higher prevalence in women than in men, which can drastically affect the quality of life of migraine patients. In addition, this chronic disorder is related with metabolic comorbidities associated with the patient's lifestyle, including obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM). Beyond the personal and socioeconomic impact caused by migraine, obesity and DM, it has been suggested that these metabolic disorders seem to be related to migraine since: (i) they are a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disorders or chronic diseases; (ii) they can be influenced by genetic and environmental risk factors; and (iii) while clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that obesity is a risk factor for migraine, DM (i.

Susceptibility for Some Infectious Diseases in Patients With Diabetes: The Key Role of Glycemia.

Uncontrolled diabetes results in several metabolic alterations including hyperglycemia. Indeed, several preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that this condition may induce susceptibility and the development of more aggressive infectious diseases, especially those caused by some bacteria (including , and , among others) and viruses [such as coronavirus 2 (CoV2), Influenza A virus, Hepatitis B, etc.].

An outlook on the trigeminovascular mechanisms of action and side effects concerns of some potential neuropeptidergic antimigraine therapies.

: In addition to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and other (neuro)mediators, the role of neuropeptides in migraine pathophysiology is relevant. Indeed, while some molecules interfering with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) transmission have recently been approved for clinical antimigraine use, other neuropeptides with translational use are in the pipeline. Among others, hypothalamic neuropeptides such as pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), oxytocin (OT), and orexins stand out as potential novel targets to treat this neurovascular disorder.

International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CX. Classification of Receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine; Pharmacology and Function.

5-HT receptors expressed throughout the human body are targets for established therapeutics and various drugs in development. Their diversity of structure and function reflects the important role 5-HT receptors play in physiologic and pathophysiological processes. The present review offers a framework for the official receptor nomenclature and a detailed understanding of each of the 14 5-HT receptor subtypes, their roles in the systems of the body, and, where appropriate, the (potential) utility of therapeutics targeting these receptors.

Role of peripheral 5-HT receptors in 5-HT-induced cardiac sympatho-inhibition in type 1 diabetic rats.

5-HT inhibits cardiac sympathetic neurotransmission in normoglycaemic rats, via 5-HT, 5-HT and 5-HT receptor activation. Since type 1 diabetes impairs the cardiac sympathetic innervation leading to cardiopathies, this study aimed to investigate whether the serotonergic influence on cardiac noradrenergic control is altered in type 1 diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, i.

Dopamine D receptor subtype activation reduces the rat cardiac parasympathetic discharge.

The dopaminergic system influences the heart rhythm by inhibiting the rat cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmissions through activation of D-like receptors (encompassing the D, D, and D subtypes). Whereas D receptor subtype activation results in cardiac sympatho-inhibition, the dopamine receptor subtypes involved in rat cardiac vago-inhibition remain unknown. Hence, this study investigated the specific functional role of the D-like receptor subtypes (D, D, and/or D) inhibiting the rat heart cholinergic drive.

CGRP inhibitors for migraine prophylaxis: a safety review.

Introduction: Since calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of migraine via the activation of the trigeminovascular system, the newest prophylactic treatments directly block CGRP or its receptor. However, the safety of these novel antimigraine drugs is not yet sufficiently established.

Areas Covered: Based on the blockade of CGRP or its receptor, this review considers: (i) the effects of the novel prophylactic antimigraine drugs (.