Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochloride pesticides in the organic matter of air suspended particles in Mexico valley: A diagnostic to evaluate public policies.

The presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was analysed in air particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM) and ≤10 μm (PM) collected in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico Valley (MZMV), during 2013 and 2014, respectively. Spatial and seasonal distributions of PM and their organic content named solvent extracted organic matter (SEOM) were determined.

Genotoxic effects of the carbamate insecticide Pirimor-50® in Vicia faba root tip meristems and human lymphocyte culture after direct application and treatment with its metabolic extracts.

The aim of the study was to evaluate genotoxic effects of Pirimor-50®, a pirimicarb-based formulation (50 % active ingredient), in human lymphocyte cultures and Vicia faba root meristems. Furthermore, the objective was to examine a combined influence of insecticide treatment with mammalian microsomal S9 and vegetal S10 metabolic fractions or S10 mix metabolic transformation extracts (after Vicia faba primary roots treatment with Pirimor-50®). We used sister chromatid exchange assay-SCE and measured cell cycle progression and proliferation (proportion of M1-M3 metaphases and replication index ratio-RI).

An innovative ultrasound assisted extraction micro-scale cell combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in negative chemical ionization to determine persistent organic pollutants in air particulate matter.

New clean technologies are needed to determine concentration of organic pollutants without generating more pollution. A method to extract Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) from airborne particulate matter was developed using a novel technology recently patented called ultrasound assisted extraction micro-scale cell (UAE-MSC). This technology extracts, filters, collects the sample, and evaporates the solvent, on-line.

Assessment of genotoxicity of Lannate-90® and its plant and animal metabolites in human lymphocyte cultures.

This study evaluated direct and metabolic genotoxic effects caused by Lannate-90®, a methomyl-based formulation (90 % active ingredient), in human lymphocyte cultures using sister chromatid exchange assay (SCE). Two processes were used for the plant promutagens evaluation: in vivo activation, applying the insecticide systemically in plants for 4 h and subsequently adding plant metabolites containing extracts to lymphocyte cultures; and in vitro activation, where the insecticide was incubated with Vicia faba S10 mix plus human lymphocyte culture. Direct treatment with the insecticide significantly increased SCE frequency in human lymphocytes (250-750 mgL-1), with cellular death observed at 1000 mgL-1 concentration.

Biomonitoring of agricultural workers exposed to pesticide mixtures in Guerrero state, Mexico, with comet assay and micronucleus test.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effect of pesticides in exfoliated buccal cells of workers occupationally exposed in Guerrero, Mexico, using the comet assay and the micronucleus test. The study compared 111 agricultural workers in three rural communities (Arcelia 62, Ajuchitlan 13, and Tlapehuala 36), with 60 non-exposed individuals. All the participants were males.

The microRNAs as potential biomarkers for predicting the onset of aflatoxin exposure in human beings: a review.

The identification of aflatoxins as human carcinogens has stimulated extensive research efforts, which continue to the present, to assess potential health hazards resulting from contamination of the human food supply and to minimize exposure. The use of biomarkers that are mechanistically supported by toxicological studies will be important tools for identifying stages in the progression of development of the health effects of environmental agents. miRNAs are small non-coding mRNAs that regulate post-transcriptional gene expression.

The role of plant metabolism in the mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of four organophosphorus insecticides in Salmonella typhimurium and in human cell lines.

This study used a cell/microbe co-incubation assay to evaluate the effect of four organophosphorus insecticides (parathion-methyl, azinphos-methyl, omethoate, and methamidophos) metabolized by coriander (Coriandrum sativum). The reverse mutation of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 was used as an indicator of genetic damage. Treatments with these insecticides inhibited peroxidase activity in plant cells by between 17% (omethoate) and 98% (azinphos-methyl) and decreased plant protein content by between 36% (omethoate) and 99.

Evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to neonicotinoid insecticides news.

Calypso (thiacloprid), Poncho (clothianidin), Gaucho (imidacloprid), and Jade (imidacloprid) are commercial neonicotinoid insecticides, a new class of agrochemicals in México. However, genotoxic and cytotoxic studies have not been performed. In the present study, human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were exposed in vitro to different concentrations of the four insecticides.

Organochlorine pesticide residue levels in blood serum of inhabitants from Veracruz, Mexico.

The objective of the present study was to monitor the levels of organochlorine pesticides HCB; α-, β-, γ-HCH; pp'DDE; op'DDT; and pp'DDT in blood serum of Veracruz, Mexico inhabitants. Organochlorine pesticides were analyzed in 150 blood serum samples that constituted that which remained after clinical analyses, using gas chromatography-electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). The results were expressed as milligrams per kilogram on fat basis and micrograms per liter on wet weight.

Organic compounds of PM2.5 in Mexico Valley: spatial and temporal patterns, behavior and sources.

A longitudinal study on spatial and temporal behavior of particles less than 2.5 μm (PM(2.5)), solvent extracted organic matter (SEOM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), n-alkanes and nitro-PAH was carried out for a full year in 2006, at five sites simultaneously around the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico Valley (MZMV).

Organochlorine pesticide gradient levels among maternal adipose tissue, maternal blood serum and umbilical blood serum.

The objective of the present study was to determine levels and calculate ratios of copartition coefficients among organochlorine pesticides β-HCH, pp'DDE, op'DDT and pp'DDT in maternal adipose tissue, maternal blood serum and umbilical blood serum of mother-infant pairs from Veracruz, Mexico. Organochlorine pesticides were analyzed in 70 binomials: maternal adipose tissue, maternal serum and umbilical cord serum samples, using gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The results were expressed as mg/kg on fat basis.

Temporal variation of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM10 and PM2.5 collected in Northern Mexico City.

With the aim to determine the presence of individual nitro-PAH contained in particles in the atmosphere of Mexico City, a monitoring campaign for particulate matter (PM(10) and PM(2.5)) was carried out in Northern Mexico City, from April 2006 to February 2007. The PM(10) annual median concentration was 65.

Genotoxic biomonitoring of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides in the north of Sinaloa State, Mexico.

Genotoxic damage was evaluated in 70 agricultural workers, 25 women and 45 men, exposed to pesticides in Las Grullas, Ahome, Sinaloa, Mexico, with an average of 7 years of exposure. The effect was detected through the sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in lymphocytes of peripheral blood and micronuclei (MN) and other nuclear anomalies (NA) in buccal exfoliated cells. Also, the influence on cellular proliferation kinetics (CPK) was studied by means of the replication index (RI) and the cytotoxic effect was examined with the mitotic index (MI).

Breast milk excretion Kinetic of b-HCH, pp'DDE and pp'DDT.

Breast milk is considered the most important route in the elimination of deposited organochlorine pesticides in a mother’s body. The equilibrium of organochlorine pesticides in the human body considers the elements of internal transport processes, the equilibrium pattern between pesticides and tissue fat contents, and the mobilization of lipids and lipoproteins among body parts. The aim of this study was to determine organochlorine pesticide levels in breast milk samples from the 4th to the 30th day of lactation and the trend in their concentration time so as to forecast the time tendency of residue levels and the pesticide excretion pattern.

Comparison of organochlorine pesticide levels in human adipose tissue of inhabitants from Veracruz and Puebla, Mexico.

Since the discovery of insecticide properties of DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane) and HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane), they have provided great benefits to humans in sanitary actions to combat the spread of infection-borne disease vectors. Public Health Programs in Mexico used DDT and HCH until 1999 as the insecticides of choice to control disease-transmitting organisms. Because of their persistence and accumulative properties, organochlorine pesticides bioconcentrate in lipids of the human body, reflecting the rate of environmental exposure.

DDT and HCH isomer levels in soils, carrot root and carrot leaf samples.

Agricultural cultivation assists organochlorine pesticide migration from contaminated soils to growing plants. This phenomenon is caused by retention processes that modify volatile pesticide exchange between soil, air and plants. The aim of the study was to monitor organochlorine pesticide (HCB, alpha- and gamma-HCH, pp'DDE, op'DDT, pp'DDT) levels and compare these concentrations in soil, carrot roots and carrot leaves.

Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry.

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) offers favourable resolution and sensitivity compared with conventional one-dimensional gas chromatography (1D-GC), as reported in many studies. These characteristics are of major interest when analytes are in trace concentration, and are present in complex mixtures, as is the case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric particulate samples. Whilst GCxGC has been widely applied to identification of different types of analytes in several matrices, less seldom has it been used for quantification of these analytes.

Cell proliferation kinetics and genotoxicity in lymphocytes of smokers living in Mexico City.

Genotoxicity caused by tobacco smoke was assessed in peripheral blood lymphocytes of smokers living in Mexico City by determining sister chromatid exchange (SCE), cell proliferation kinetics (CPK), replication index (RI) and mitotic index (MI). Nicotine levels, and its major metabolite cotinine, were also estimated in urine samples using gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry to quantify smoking intensity. The outcome of the analysis and the comparison of the 77-smoker group with a non-smoking control group showed that moderate and heavy smokers exhibited significant differences (P < 0.

Biodirected mutagenic chemical assay of PM(10) extractable organic matter in Southwest Mexico City.

The concentration of breathable particles (PM(10)) in urban areas has been associated with increases in morbidity and mortality of the exposed populations, therein the importance of this study. Organic compounds adsorbed to PM(10) are related to the increased risk to human health. Although some studies have shown the lack of correlation between specific mutagenic compounds in an organic complex mixture (OCM) and the mutagenic response in several bioassays, the same organic compounds selectively separated in less complex groups can show higher or lower mutagenic responses than in the OCM.

Metabolic activation of herbicide products by Vicia faba detected in human peripheral lymphocytes using alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis.

Ametryn and metribuzin S-triazines derivatives and EPTC thiocarbamate are herbicides used extensively in Mexican agriculture, for example in crops such as corn, sugar cane, tomato, wheat, and beans. The present study evaluated the DNA damage and cytotoxic effects of three herbicides after metabolism by Vicia faba roots in human peripheral lymphocytes using akaline single cell gel electrophoresis. Three parameters were scored as indicators of DNA damage: tail length, percentage of cells with DNA damage (with comet), and level DNA damage.

Differential mutagenic response of Salmonella typhimurium to the plant-metabolized organophosphorus insecticides, phoxim and azinphos methyl.

The plant cell/microbe coincubation assay was used to analyze organophosphorus insecticide activation. Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 were exposed to several concentrations of the pesticides phoxim and azinphos methyl with and without TX1 cell line of Nicotiana tabacum activation. When the bacterial strains were treated directly with phoxim, mutagenic activity increased significantly.

Organochlorine pesticide levels in blood serum samples taken at autopsy from auto accident victims in Veracruz, Mexico.

Samples of human blood sera (N = 118) for the determination of organochlorine pesticide levels were obtained at autopsy from auto accident victims in Veracruz, Mexico, during the years 2000 and 2001. The presence of hexachlorobenzene (HCH), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT), and o,p'-DDT was confirmed by gas-liquid-electron-capture detection chromatography. During the years 2000 and 2001, the respective mean levels of (a) HCB, (b) beta-HCH, (c) p,p'-DDE, (d) o,p'-DDT, (e) p,p'-DDT, and (f) total DDT were (a) 2.

Promutagen activation of triazine herbicides metribuzin and ametryn through Vicia faba metabolism inducing sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes in vitro and in V. faba root tip meristems.

The aim of our study was the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in human lymphocytes in vitro and in root tip meristems of Vicia faba to evaluate the genotoxic effects of metribuzin and ametryn. Direct treatments of these herbicides on human lymphocytes in vitro applied 24 h after the beginning of culture did not induce SCE; however, they showed a cytotoxic effect in the cultures expressed as cellular death. On the contrary, when extracts of V.

Antimutagenicity of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) juice on the mutagenesis produced by plant metabolites of aromatic amines.

Aromatic amines are metabolically activated into mutagenic compounds by both animal and plant systems. The 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOP) is a well-known direct-acting mutagen whose mutagenic potential can be enhanced by plant metabolism; m-phenylenediamine (m-PDA) is converted to mutagenic products detected by the Salmonella typhimurium TA98 strain, and 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) is the plant-activated promutagen most extensively studied. Plant cells activate both 2-AF and m-PDA into potent mutagens producing DNA frameshift mutations.