Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Cap Gene of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Confers Protection in Mice and Induced Long-Lasting Neutralizing Antibodies in Pigs.

: Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection poses significant health and economic challenges to the global swine industry. The disease in pigs leads to lymphoid depletion, resulting in immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to co-infections with other bacterial and viral pathogens. This study evaluated the efficacy of two novel recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain R2B vectored vaccines that express the cap gene of PCV2 alone and along with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail (TMCT) domains of the NDV F gene.

Heterologous Exchanges of Glycoprotein and Non-Virion Protein in Novirhabdoviruses: Assessment of Virulence in Yellow Perch () and Rainbow Trout ().

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) are rhabdoviruses in two different species belonging to the genus. IHNV has a narrow host range restricted to trout and salmon species, and viruses in the M genogroup of IHNV have high virulence in rainbow trout (). In contrast, the VHSV genotype IVb that invaded the Great Lakes in the United States has a broad host range, with high virulence in yellow perch (), but not in rainbow trout.

WSV2023 - The second meeting of the world society for virology: One health - One world - One virology.

The Second International Conference of the World Society for Virology (WSV), hosted by Riga Stradiņš University, was held in Riga, Latvia, on June 15-17th, 2023. It prominently highlighted the recent advancements in different disciplines of virology. The conference had fourteen keynote speakers covering diverse topics, including emerging virus pseudotypes, Zika virus vaccine development, herpesvirus capsid mobility, parvovirus invasion strategies, influenza in animals and birds, West Nile virus and Marburg virus ecology, as well as the latest update in animal vaccines.

Identification and characterization of a highly virulent Citrobacter freundii isolate and its activation on immune responses in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

Citrobacter freundii, a common pathogen of freshwater fish, causes significant commercial losses to the global fish farming industry. In the present study, a highly pathogenic C. freundii strain was isolated and identified from largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

Isolation, identification and the pathogenicity characterization of a Santee-Cooper ranavirus and its activation on immune responses in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

The largemouth bass virus (LMBV) isolate of Santee-Cooper ranavirus showed evidence of widespread infection in adult fish, but disease presentation caused by different viral strains exhibited considerable difference. In this study, a highly pathogenic LMBV-like resembling Santee-Cooper ranavirus was isolated and identified from juvenile largemouth bass. The pathogenicity and dynamic distribution of LMBV-like strain, histopathological analysis and host immune response of juvenile largemouth bass infected with LMBV-like were investigated.

The efficacy of new oral vaccine feeds against in rainbow trout.

(IHNV) causes infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) in salmonid species. Despite an injectable plasmid-based DNA vaccine of the glycoprotein (G) gene is effective, there are no oral vaccines for mass vaccination of rainbow trout () fry. Recombinant baculoviruses were generated, used in cabbage looper () insect larvae to produce IHNV G and IHNV G-C5a proteins.

Screening of genes encoding proteins that interact with ISG15: Probing a cDNA library from a snakehead fish cell line using a yeast two-hybrid system.

Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) regulates cellular life processes, including defense responses against infection by a variety of viral pathogens, by binding to target proteins. At present, various fish ISG15s have been identified, but the biological function of ISG15 in snakehead fish is still unclear. In this study, total RNA was extracted from snakehead fish cell line E11, ds cDNA was synthesized and purified using SMART technology, and the resulting cDNA library was screened by co-transforming yeast cells.

Intranasal vaccination of hamsters with a Newcastle disease virus vector expressing the S1 subunit protects animals against SARS-CoV-2 disease.

The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has already claimed millions of lives and remains one of the major catastrophes in the recorded history. While mitigation and control strategies provide short term solutions, vaccines play critical roles in long term control of the disease. Recent emergence of potentially vaccine-resistant and novel variants necessitated testing and deployment of novel technologies that are safe, effective, stable, easy to administer, and inexpensive to produce.

World Society for Virology first international conference: Tackling global virus epidemics.

This communication summarizes the presentations given at the 1st international conference of the World Society for Virology (WSV) held virtually during 16-18 June 2021, under the theme of tackling global viral epidemics. The purpose of this biennial meeting is to foster international collaborations and address important viral epidemics in different hosts. The first day included two sessions exclusively on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.

Newcastle Disease Virus Vectored Chicken Infectious Anaemia Vaccine Induces Robust Immune Response in Chickens.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain R2B, with an altered fusion protein cleavage site, was used as a viral vector to deliver the immunogenic genes VP2 and VP1 of chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) to generate a bivalent vaccine candidate against these diseases in chickens. The immunogenic genes of CIAV were expressed as a single transcriptional unit from the NDV backbone and the two CIA viral proteins were obtained as separate entities using a self-cleaving foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A protease sequence between them. The recombinant virus (rR2B-FPCS-CAV) had similar growth kinetics as that of the parent recombinant virus (rR2B-FPCS) in vitro with similar pathogenicity characteristics.

Evaluation of the oncolytic property of recombinant Newcastle disease virus strain R2B in 4T1 and B16-F10 cells in-vitro.

Recombinant Newcastle disease virus vectors have gained a lot of interest for its oncolytic virus therapy and cancer immune therapeutic properties due to its selective replication to high titers in cancer cells. The aim of this study was to find out the oncolytic effects of mesogenic recombinant NDV strain R2B-GFP on murine mammary tumor cell line 4T1 and murine melanoma cell line B16-F10. The anti-tumor effects of R2B-GFP virus were studied via expression of virus transgene GFP in cancer cells, evaluating its cytotoxicity and cell migration efficacies by MTT and wound healing assays respectively.

Isolation, Identification, and Genomic Analysis of a Novel Reovirus from Healthy Grass Carp and Its Dynamic Proliferation In Vitro and In Vivo.

A new grass carp reovirus (GCRV), healthy grass carp reovirus (HGCRV), was isolated from grass carp in 2019. Its complete genome sequence was determined and contained 11 dsRNAs with a total size of 23,688 bp and 57.2 mol% G+C content, encoding 12 proteins.

Oral Vaccination of Grass Carp () with Baculovirus-Expressed Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV) Proteins Induces Protective Immunity against GCRV Infection.

The grass carp reovirus (GCRV) causes severe hemorrhagic disease with high mortality and leads to serious economic losses in the grass carp () industry in China. Oral vaccine has been proven to be an effective method to provide protection against fish viruses. In this study, a recombinant baculovirus BmNPV-VP35-VP4 was generated to express VP35 and VP4 proteins from GCRV type Ⅱ via Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system.

A Novel Subunit Vaccine Based on Outer Capsid Proteins of Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV) Provides Protective Immunity against GCRV Infection in Rare Minnow ().

The grass carp hemorrhagic disease, caused by the grass carp reovirus (GCRV), has resulted in severe economic losses in the aquaculture industry in China. VP4 and VP35 are outer capsid proteins of GCRV and can induce an immune response in the host. Here, three recombinant baculoviruses, AcMNPV-VP35, AcMNPV-VP4, and AcMNPV-VP35-VP4, were generated to express recombinant VP4 and VP35 proteins from GCRV type II in insect cells by using the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system to create a novel subunit vaccine.

Newcastle disease virus vectored rabies vaccine induces strong humoral and cell mediated immune responses in mice.

Rabies is a devastating disease affecting almost all mammalian animal species including humans. Vaccines are available to combat the disease. Protection against the disease is rendered by assessing the humoral immune response.

Effect of the Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Nonvirion Protein on Translation via PERK-eIF2α Pathway.

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is one of the most deadly infectious fish pathogens, posing a serious threat to the aquaculture industry and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Previous work showed that VHSV sub-genotype IVb suppresses host innate immune responses, but the exact mechanism by which VHSV IVb inhibits antiviral response remains incompletely characterized. As with other novirhabdoviruses, VHSV IVb contains a unique and highly variable nonvirion (NV) gene, which is implicated in viral replication, virus-induced apoptosis and regulating interferon (IFN) production.

Genotype-matched Newcastle disease virus vaccine confers improved protection against genotype XII challenge: The importance of cytoplasmic tails in viral replication and vaccine design.

Although typical Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines can prevent mortality, they are not effective in preventing viral shedding. To overcome this, genotype-matched vaccines have been proposed. To date, this approach has never been tested against genotype XII strains.

Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Expressing Sigma C Protein of Avian Reovirus (ARV) Protects against Both ARV and NDV in Chickens.

Newcastle disease (ND) and avian reovirus (ARV) infections are a serious threat to the poultry industry, which causes heavy economic losses. The mesogenic NDV strain R2B is commonly used as a booster vaccine in many Asian countries to control the disease. In this seminal work, a recombinant NDV strain R2B expressing the sigma C (σC) gene of ARV (rNDV-R2B-σC) was generated by reverse genetics, characterized in vitro and tested as a bivalent vaccine candidate in chickens.

The Nucleoprotein and Phosphoprotein Are Major Determinants of the Virulence of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus in Rainbow Trout.

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a fish rhabdovirus, infects several marine and freshwater fish species. There are many strains of VHSV that affect different fish, but some strains of one genetic subgroup have gained high virulence in rainbow trout (). To define the genetic basis of high virulence in trout, we used reverse genetics to create chimeric VHSVs in which viral nucleoprotein (N), P (phosphoprotein), or M (matrix protein) genes, or the N and P genes, were exchanged between a trout-virulent European VHSV strain (DK-3592B) and a trout-avirulent North American VHSV strain (MI03).

The glycoprotein, non-virion protein, and polymerase of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus are not determinants of host-specific virulence in rainbow trout.

Background: Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a fish rhabdovirus belonging to the Novirhabdovirus genus, causes severe disease and mortality in many marine and freshwater fish species worldwide. VHSV isolates are classified into four genotypes and each group is endemic to specific geographic regions in the north Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Most viruses in the European VHSV genotype Ia are highly virulent for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), whereas, VHSV genotype IVb viruses from the Great Lakes region in the United States, which caused high mortality in wild freshwater fish species, are avirulent for trout.

Oral vaccination of Macrobrachium rosenbergii with baculovirus-expressed M. rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) capsid protein induces protective immunity against MrNV challenge.

White Tail Disease (WTD) is one of the important viral diseases of fresh water giant prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, which is caused by Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV). In the present study, the capsid protein gene of MrNV containing a His-tag was cloned into a baculovirus vector pVL1393 and expressed the recombinant MrNV protein in insect cells, using a baculovirus expression system. A band corresponding to the MrNV protein of 43 kDa was characterized after fractionating the proteins of baculovirus-infected cell lysates by SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and immunostaining with His-tag monoclonal antibody.

ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Picobirnaviridae.

Picobirnaviridae is a family of viruses with bi-segmented (rarely unsegmented) dsRNA genomes comprising about 4.4 kbp in total, with small, non-enveloped spherical virions. The family includes one genus (Picobirnavirus) grouping three genetic clusters with high sequence variability, two defined by viruses infecting vertebrates and a third with viruses found in invertebrates.

ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Birnaviridae.

Birnaviridae is a family of viruses with bi-segmented dsRNA genomes totalling about 6 kbp forming icosahedral, non-enveloped virions. The family includes four genera, members of three of which (Aquabirnavirus, Avibirnavirus and Blosnavirus) infect vertebrates (excluding mammals), whereas members of the fourth genus (Entomobirnavirus) infect insects. Each genus includes 1-3 species.

Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV)-CP-RNA-2 DNA vaccine confers protective immunity in giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii against MrNV infection.

Macrobrachium rosenbergii Nodavirus (MrNV) causes white tail disease (WTD) in Giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii which leads to immense economic losses in hatcheries and farms. In the present study, we cloned the capsid protein gene of MrNV-CP-RNA-2 (1146 bp) into a DNA vaccine vector pVAX1 to form MrNV-CP-RNA-2- pVAX1. The bacterial transformant, containing the MrNV-CP gene, was coated on the fish diet pellets and fed to juvenile M.