Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging for staging patients with high-risk prostate cancer.

Background: Staging patients with high-risk prostate cancer (HRPCa) with conventional imaging of computed tomography (CT) and bone scintigraphy (BS) is suboptimal. Therefore, we aimed to compare the accuracy of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WBMRI) with conventional imaging to stage patients with HRPCa.

Methods: We prospectively enrolled patients with newly diagnosed HRPCa (prostate-specific antigen ≥20 ng/ml and/or Grade Group ≥4).

Multimodality imaging of urinary tract tuberculosis.

Imaging is a key component of diagnosis and treatment response evaluation of urinary tract tuberculosis (UT TB). Tuberculosis can have a long latency, but if found early, one may have the opportunity to prevent complications such as ureteral strictures, obstructive nephropathy, contracted (thimble) bladder, renal parenchymal destruction/calcification, and renal failure. Imaging can aid in diagnosis and differential diagnoses, evaluate the extent of disease and complications, and guide image-directed biopsy, surgical planning, and evaluation of treatment response.

Low KeV virtual monoenergetic images for detecting low dose iodine- or alternative Gd-based IV contrast agents.

Background: The recent shortage of iodine-based intravenous contrast and its cost highlight the need for limiting dose and alterative agents.

Purpose: To quantify radiodensity (Hounsfield Units, HU) improvement and potential iodine dose reduction with low keV imaging compared to conventional polyenergetic reconstructions on dual source (DSCT) and dual layer (DLCT) CT and to assess potential utility of non-iodine gadolinium-alternatives with low keV imaging.

Materials And Methods: This phantom study used dilutions of three commercially-available contrast agents scanned by DSCT and DLCT.

Erythrocyte nano-ghosts with dual optical and magnetic resonance characteristics.

Significance: Fluorescent organic dyes provide imaging capabilities at cellular and sub-cellular levels. However, a common problem associated with some of the existing dyes such as the US FDA-approved indocyanine green (ICG) is their weak fluorescence emission. Alternative dyes with greater emission characteristics would be useful in various imaging applications.

Real-Time Ultrasound-Computed Tomography Fusion with Volume Navigation to Assess Pancreatic Cystic Lesions.

Transabdominal ultrasound is a promising imaging modality for pancreatic cystic lesions. This study aims to determine if transabdominal ultrasonography with CT fusion (TAUS-f) using volume navigation can be used to measure pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) compared to CT alone. We evaluated 33 patients prospectively with known PCLs.

Indocyanine Green (ICG) Fluorescence Is Dependent on Monomer with Planar and Twisted Structures and Inhibited by H-Aggregation.

The optical properties of indocyanine green (ICG) as a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence dye depend on the nature of the solvent medium and the dye concentration. In the ICG absorption spectra of water, at high concentrations, there were absorption maxima at 700 nm, implying H-aggregates. With ICG dilution, the main absorption peak was at 780 nm, implying monomers.

Diagnostic Performance of Prostate-specific Antigen Density for Detecting Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer in the Era of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Context: There has been a dramatic increase in the use of prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnostic workup. With prostate volume calculated from MRI, prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) now is a ready-to-use parameter for prostate cancer (PCa) risk stratification before prostate biopsy, especially among patients with negative MRI or equivocal lesions.

Objective: In this review, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of PSAD for clinically significant prostate cancer (CSPCa) among patients who received MRI before prostate biopsy.

Abdominal visceral tuberculosis: a malignancy mimic.

The purpose is to discuss abdominal tuberculosis mimicking malignancy involving the abdominal viscera. TB of the abdominal viscera is common, especially in countries where tuberculosis is endemic and in pockets of non-endemic countries. Diagnosis is challenging as clinical presentations are often non-specific.

Hybrid magnetic resonance and PET imaging for prostate cancer recurrence.

Purpose Of Review: Recurrence post definitive local therapy by prostatectomy or radiation therapy is often detected via rise in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels; however, PSA rise does not localize the disease. Distinguishing local versus distant recurrence guides whether to choose subsequent local versus systemic therapy. The purpose of this article is to review imaging for prostate cancer recurrence post local therapy.

Prostate cancer grade downgrading at time of prostatectomy provides risk-stratification insight into future tumor behavior after prostatectomy.

Background: Prostate biopsy (Bx) sampling-based diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) has well-described inaccuracy when compared against whole gland analysis upon prostatectomy. Although upgrading of PCa Grade Group (GG) is often described, the occurrence and prognostic implications of downgrading PCa GG at the time of radical prostatectomy (RP) is less understood. Our objective was to evaluate whether downgrading PCa GG at the time of RP was associated with future tumor behavior.

Performance of Multidetector Computed Tomography and Negative Versus Positive Enteric Contrast for Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.

Background: Routine computed tomography (CT) scans are thought to have poor performance for detection of gastrointestinal (GI) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), which leads to delayed workup. Detection of even 1 bowel tumor can guide diagnostic workup and management. The purposes of this study were to assess the accuracy of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and to compare negative versus positive enteric contrast in detecting at least 1 GI tumor per patient with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of a NEN.

Tuberculosis of abdominal lymph nodes, peritoneum, and GI tract: a malignancy mimic.

Objective: The purpose is to discuss abdominal tuberculosis mimicking malignancy involving the lymph nodes, peritoneum, and the GI tract.

Conclusion: Awareness of the pathophysiology and imaging appearance on various modalities of abdominal tuberculosis involving the lymph nodes, peritoneum, and the GI tract that may simulate malignancy can aid differentiation, diagnosis, and therapy, particularly in areas where tuberculosis is endemic.

Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Drives the Metastatic Progression of Prostate Cancer.

Background: No curative therapy is currently available for metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). The diverse mechanisms of progression include fibroblast growth factor (FGF) axis activation.

Objective: To investigate the molecular and clinical implications of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and its isoforms (α/β) in the pathogenesis of PCa bone metastases.

CD63-mediated cloaking of VEGF in small extracellular vesicles contributes to anti-VEGF therapy resistance.

Despite wide use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy for many solid cancers, most individuals become resistant to this therapy, leading to disease progression. Therefore, new biomarkers and strategies for blocking adaptive resistance of cancer to anti-VEGF therapy are needed. As described here, we demonstrate that cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles package increasing quantities of VEGF and other factors in response to anti-VEGF therapy.

Imaging of Kaposi sarcoma.

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a form of cancer that primarily appears on the skin but can potentially involve internal organs. There are several types of KS. The purpose of this article is to discuss the manifestations of KS and their appearance on imaging, the differential diagnoses associated with these findings, and molecular markers associated with KS that can aid appropriate diagnosis and therapy.

Near Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Intraperitoneal Ovarian Tumors in Mice Using Erythrocyte-Derived Optical Nanoparticles and Spatially-Modulated Illumination.

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological cancer. Cytoreductive surgery to remove primary and intraperitoneal tumor deposits remains as the standard therapeutic approach. However, lack of an intraoperative image-guided approach to enable the visualization of all tumors can result in incomplete cytoreduction and recurrence.

Advanced Imaging in Musculoskeletal Oncology: Moving Away From RECIST and Embracing Advanced Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Imaging (ABASTI)-Part II-Novel Functional Imaging Techniques.

Functional imaging can add valuable information to conventional imaging in the settings of tumor characterization and treatment response assessment. Traditional response criteria rely primarily on physical measurements, while functional imaging can potentially give a more comprehensive evaluation of oncological status. The second part of this review article discusses advanced imaging techniques such as susceptibility-weighted imaging, tumor-associated macrophage imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, perfusion-weighted imaging, Dixon imaging, whole-body magnetic resonance imaging, whole-body low-dose dual energy computed tomography with virtual noncalcium technique, and ultrasound elastography.

Advanced Imaging in Musculoskeletal Oncology: Moving Away From RECIST and Embracing Advanced Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Imaging (ABASTI) - Part I - Tumor Response Criteria and Established Functional Imaging Techniques.

According to the Revised Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1, the majority of bone metastases are considered to be nonmeasurable disease. Traditional response criteria rely on physical measurements.