A Brief Review of Ventriculoatrial and Ventriculopleural Shunts.

Introduction: Alternate approaches such as ventriculoatrial (VA) or ventriculopleural (VPL) procedures still have a place in the surgical armamentarium for patients with recurrent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt failures related to defective absorption, infections, or frequent malfunctions.

Methods: We reviewed the literature and our experience with these techniques, and offered suggestions for safely performing these operations. Historical perspectives were also included to facilitate an improved understanding of the technical developments.