Modulating Tone to Promote Motor Development Using a Neurofacilitation of Developmental Reaction (NFDR) Approach in Children with Neurodevelopmental Delay.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of a Neurofacilitation of Developmental Reaction (NFDR) approach with that of a Conventional approach in the modulation of tone in children with neurodevelopmental delay.

Methods: Experimental control design. A total of 30 spastic children ranging in age from 4 to 7 years with neurodevelopmental delay were included.

Influence of sitting and prone lying positions on proprioceptive knee assessment score in early knee osteoarthritis.

Background: Knee proprioception is compromised in knee osteoarthritis. There are several ways of measuring proprioceptive acuity, but there is lack of consensus over the ideal testing position. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of 2 testing positions (sitting versus prone lying) on proprioceptive knee assessment score in patients with early knee osteoarthritis.

Neurofacilitation of Developmental Reaction (NFDR) approach: a practice framework for integration / modification of early motor behavior (Primitive Reflexes) in Cerebral Palsy.

A Randomized Controlled trial was done on 30 (CP) children of age range 6 mon to 2 y with an objective to see the efficacy of Neurofacilitation of Developmental Reaction (NFDR) approach over Neurodevelopmental Therapy (NDT) for integration / modification of early motor behavior (Primitive Reflexes) in Cerebral Palsy (CP). The baseline evaluation was done for tone, postural reactions and GMFM. The subjects were randomly allocated to two groups.

Population pharmacodynamic parameter estimation from sparse sampling: effect of sigmoidicity on parameter estimates.

The objective of this stimulation study was to evaluate effect of simoidicity of the concentration-effect (C-E) relationship on the efficiency of population parameter estimation from sparse sampling and is a continuation of previous work that addressed the effect of sample size and number of samples on parameters estimation from sparse sampling for drugs with C-E relationship characterized by high sigmoidicity (gamma > 5). The findings are based on observed C-E relationships for two drugs, octreotide and remifentanil, characterized by simple E (max) and sigmoid E (max) models (gamma = ~2.5), respectively.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of endoperoxide antimalarials.

There are several clinically useful endoperoxides, mainly artemisinin derivatives available in market for the treatment of malaria. These are highly potent drugs, with fastest parasite reduction ratio, broadest parasite stage specificity and effectiveness against all species of plasmodium in human. Endoperoxides are crystalline compounds having poor aqueous solubility.

Safety, tolerability, and single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of piperaquine phosphate in healthy subjects.

Piperaquine phosphate is an orally active bisquinolone antimalarial drug that has been used for the past 3 decades. The authors report the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of piperaquine from a classical controlled phase I study. It was a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, and single- and multiple-dose study.

Sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric assay for the quantification of piperaquine in human plasma.

A simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for quantification of piperaquine, an antimalarial drug, in human plasma using its structural analogue, piperazine bis chloroquinoline as internal standard (IS). The method involved a simple protein precipitation with methanol followed by rapid isocratic elution of analytes with 10mM ammonium acetate buffer/methanol/formic acid/ammonia solution (25/75/0.2/0.

Sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric assay for the quantification of chloroquine in dog plasma.

A simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for quantification of chloroquine, an antimalarial drug, in plasma using its structural analogue, piperazine bis chloroquinoline as internal standard (IS). The method is based on simple protein precipitation with methanol followed by a rapid isocratic elution with 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer/methanol (25/75, v/v, pH 4.6) on Chromolith SpeedROD RP-18e reversed phase chromatographic column and subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM).

Pharmacodynamic parameter estimation: population size versus number of samples.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of population size, number of samples per individual, and level of interindividual variability (IIV) on the accuracy and precision of pharmacodynamic (PD) parameter estimates. Response data were simulated from concentration input data for an inhibitory sigmoid drug efficacy (E(max)) model using Nonlinear Mixed Effect Modeling, version 5 (NONMEM). Seven designs were investigated using different concentration sampling windows ranging from 0 to 3 EC(50) (EC(50) is the drug concentration at 50% of the E(max)) units.

Temozolomide in patients with advanced cancer: phase I and pharmacokinetic study.

Study Objective: To determine the maximum tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and potential antitumor activity of temozolomide administered as a single dose every 28 days.

Design: Open label, phase I, dose-escalation trial.

Setting: University-affiliated cancer center.

Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of oral posaconazole administered in single and multiple doses in healthy adults.

The pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of posaconazole, an investigational triazole antifungal, were evaluated following the administration of rising single and multiple oral doses. A total of 103 healthy adults were enrolled in two phase I trials. Each study had a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design with a rising single-dose (RSD) or rising multiple-dose (RMD) scheme.

Pharmacodynamic interaction between the new selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe and simvastatin.

Aims: The primary aims of these two single-centre, randomized, evaluator-blind, placebo/positive-controlled, parallel-group studies were to evaluate the potential for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction between ezetimibe 0.25, 1, or 10 mg and simvastatin 10 mg (Study 1), and a pharmacodynamic interaction between ezetimibe 10 mg and simvastatin 20 mg (Study 2). Evaluation of the tolerance of the coadministration of ezetimibe and simvastatin was a secondary objective.