CRISPR-Cas9 Applications in Cardiovascular Disease.

The CRISPR-Cas9 system is an economical and accessible gene-editing technology first discovered as a naturally occurring bacterial immune system. Since its fairly recent discovery, CRISPR-Cas9 system's efficiency and simplicity have been successfully used to edit genomes of living organisms in many fields, working in vitro and in vivo in germline and somatic cells to knock-out harmful mutated genes or in some cases working to knock-in a beneficial gene. A current application of the gene-editing system works against specific mutations that cause certain cardiovascular diseases.

Three Anomalies and a Complication: Ruptured Noncoronary Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm, Atrial Septal Aneurysm, and Patent Foramen Ovale.

The confluence of atrial septal aneurysm and patent foramen ovale in noncoronary sinus of Valsalva has not been previously documented in the literature.

Successful implanted pacemaker for an extreme inhibitory reflex syncope evoked by post herpetic trigeminal neuralgia.

Syncope is defined as a transient loss of consciousness due to cerebral hypoperfusion characterized by rapid onset, short duration, and spontaneous complete recovery. Numerous causes of syncope have been described. Vasovagal syncope is the most common with a number of precipitants.