Improving the performance of machine learning penicillin adverse drug reaction classification with synthetic data and transfer learning.

Background: Machine learning may assist with the identification of potentially inappropriate penicillin allergy labels. Strategies to improve the performance of existing models for this task include the use of additional training data, synthetic data and transfer learning.

Aims: The aims of this study were to investigate the use of additional training data and novel machine learning strategies, namely synthetic data and transfer learning, to improve the performance of penicillin adverse drug reaction (ADR) machine learning classification.