Explaining the Female Preponderance in Adolescent Depression-A Four-Wave Cohort Study.

In the transition from childhood into adolescence, a female preponderance in depression emerges. Despite substantial empirical research to test theoretical propositions as to why this happens, our understanding is still limited. One explanation claims that girls become exposed to more stress (stress exposure model) whereas another proposes that girls become more vulnerable to the impact of stress (stress reactivity model) than boys when entering adolescence.

Depression from preschool to adolescence - five faces of stability.

Background: The term 'stability' has different meanings, and its implications for the etiology, prevention, and treatment of depression vary accordingly. Here, we identify five types of stability in childhood depression, many undetermined due to a lack of research or inconsistent findings.

Methods: Children and parents (n = 1,042) drawn from two birth cohorts in Trondheim, Norway, were followed biennially from ages 4-14 years.

Mediating role of depressive symptoms linking insecure attachment and disordered eating in adolescents: A multiwave longitudinal study.

Research has supported a link between insecure attachment and disordered eating in adolescents; however, how this influence is exerted remains unclear. This study explored whether depressive symptoms constitute a pathway through which insecure attachment to parents predicts subsequent development of disordered eating in the transition from childhood to adolescence. The study also examines whether there are differential effects regarding the attachment figure, child's gender, or reciprocity between variables.

Prospective Bidirectional Associations between Attachment and Depressive Symptoms from Middle Childhood to Adolescence.

Insecure attachment to parents consistently correlates with adolescent depression. However, the order of cause and effect, the impact of confounding, and gender disparities in this relationship remain unresolved. The present study therefore examined the prospective associations between attachment relationships to mothers and fathers and depressive symptoms in a community sample of Spanish children (n = 904; 49.

Change in attachment predicts change in emotion regulation particularly among 5-HTTLPR short-allele homozygotes.

In view of the theory that the attachment relationship provides a foundation for the development of emotion regulation, here, we evaluated (a) whether change in attachment security from 4 to 6 years predicts change in emotion regulation from 6 to 8 years and (b) whether moderates this relation in a Norwegian community sample (n = 678, 99.7% Caucasian). Attachment was measured with the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task, and teachers completed the Emotion Regulation Checklist.

Secure attachment promotes the development of effortful control in boys.

Although effortful control (EC), a regulatory aspect of temperament, is associated with a wide range of developmental outcomes, knowledge about EC promoters is scarce. This study explored whether secure attachment promoted the development of EC from preschool to school age in a community sample of 903 Norwegian children. EC was measured using the parent-reported Children's Behavior Questionnaire at four (T1) and six (T2) years of age, and attachment was measured using the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task at T1.

The outcome in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a Norwegian region.

Aim: To evaluate the therapeutic strategies used in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) during the last 15 years in our department.

Method: A retrospective study of 27 neonates with CDH treated at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Ullevaal University Hospital between 1992 and 2006. Since 1992 we have used delayed operative repair and high-frequency ventilation (HFV).

[Hypospadias--not only a misplaced urinary meatus].

Background: Hypospadias is a congenital malformation with a complex and unclear etiology; both hormonal disturbances and genetic factors may contribute. It is discussed internationally whether the incidence of the malformation has increased during the last decades. There are many operation methods for treatment of hypospadias.

[Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children].

In the five-year period 1990-95, 102 patients, 78 girls and 24 boys, aged ten weeks to 14 years were treated for grade III-V vesicoureteral reflux by the same surgeon using subureteric teflon injection--the STING procedure. Both primary, secondary and complex reflux were included. The reflux had disappeared in 90 of 133 refluxing ureters, the grade of reflux had diminished in 17 and were unchanged in 26 at the control three months after treatment.

[Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children].

In the five-year period 1990-95, 102 patients, 78 girls and 24 boys, aged ten weeks to 14 years were treated for grade III-V vesicoureteral reflux by the same surgeon using subureteric teflon injection--the STING procedure. Both primary, secondary and complex reflux were included. The reflux had disappeared in 90 of 133 refluxing ureters, the grade of reflux had diminished in 17 and were unchanged in 26 at the control three months after treatment.

[Lipoblastoma. A rare, benign tumor in children].

Lipoblastoma is a rare, benign tumour of embryonal fat seen almost exclusively in infancy and early childhood. It occurs mostly in the extremities, but it is also seen in other parts of the body. The tumour may grow rapidly, and the fact that lipoblastomas show immature fat cells could lead to the wrong diagnosis of liposarcoma.

[Balloon dilatation of postoperative esophageal stenoses in children].

During the period 1987-92, seven patients (two girls and five boys under one year of age) were dilated for strictures following oesophageal atresia operation. The total number of dilatations was 47. Six out of seven patients were treated successfully.

[Gastroesophageal reflux associated with severe cerebral paresis].

Five patients, aged 9-16, living in a community-based home for the mentally retarded, have undergone Nissen fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux. They were all severely physically handicapped by cerebral palsy. Their symptoms had persisted from 1-10 years, and included chronic retching and vomiting, intermittent obstruction of the upper airways, frequent bronchial and pulmonary infections, and episodic abdominal pain and failure to thrive.

Predictive ability of choledocholithiasis indicators. A prospective evaluation.

To assess the predictive ability of various indicators of common bile duct calculi, 457 patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallstone disease were prospectively screened for the presence of 11 predefined criteria of possible choledocholithiasis. The predictive ability of the criteria, individually and in combinations, was determined. For all criteria, except a history of pancreatitis, a significantly increased incidence of choledocholithiasis was found.

Comparison of bypass and resection of the small intestine in germfree rats.

Germfree rats were subjected to: (1) 90% jejunoileal resection (15 rats) or (2) 90% end-to-side jejunoileal bypass (20 rats). The mortality rate was 67 and 75%, respectively, which is markedly higher than after the same types of operation in conventional rats. Late mortality occurred only in the bypass group.

Intestinal bypass. A randomized, prospective clinical study of end-to-side and end-to-end jejunoileal bypass.

Of 21 patients with morbid obesity 10 were randomly allocated to ES (end-to-side) and 11 to EE (end-to-end) jejunoileal bypass. Ten patients in each group were followed up for more than 3 years. Average weight loss 18 months after operation was 37 kg or 33% of preoperative body weight in the ES group and 40 kg or 37% in the EE group (p = 0.

Intestinal bypass. Bacteriological studies from different parts of the small intestine in rats.

Forty-five rats were divided into four groups according to type of operation: 1) end-to-side jejunoileal bypass (ES), 10 rats; 2) end-to-end jejunoileal bypass (EE), 10 rats; 3) jejunoileal resection (R), 10 rats; and 4) no operation, 15 rats. The luminal contents from the proximal jejunum and distal ileum, in groups 1 and 2 also from the proximal and distal part of the excluded small intestine, were examined bacteriologically 5-11 months after operation. The total number of aerobic and anaerobic microbes in the jejunum was equal in all groups.