Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Prevention and Treatment of Post-Herpetic Neuralgia: A Narrative Review.

The present investigation evaluated transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for the non-pharmacological treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). PHN is the most common complication of the Herpes Zoster virus, affecting one in every five patients with shingles, and presents as intense neuropathic pain that can persist for 90 days or longer after the initial onset of symptoms. Current pharmacological treatment options are mainly limited to symptom management, including oral medications such as tricyclic antidepressants and gabapentinoid preparations, as well as topical options such as lidocaine or capsaicin.

The Impact of Anesthesia on Dermatological Outcomes: A Narrative Review.

Anesthesia is an essential component of dermatologic procedures, influencing pain management and patient outcomes, including wound healing, infection control, and cosmetic appearance. This review examines the impact of various anesthetic techniques, topical, local, regional, and general, on dermatological outcomes. The findings reveal that while local anesthesia is preferred due to its efficacy and safety, specialized considerations are necessary for pediatric, geriatric, and high-risk patients.

Cutaneous Dermatologic Manifestations of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Narrative Review.

Cardiovascular diseases represent the largest worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. Common signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease are well characterized and taught in medical curricula, allowing clinicians to quickly recognize and diagnose the more acute and emergent cardiovascular diseases. Dermatological features associated with cardiovascular diseases are less understood but very valuable to appreciate in clinical practice.

Obesity Medications and Their Impact on Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review.

Obesity is a major global issue linked to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). While lifestyle changes are the primary treatment, medications are often required for long-term weight management and reducing risk in patients with obesity. The cardiovascular effects of many obesity medications are still being studied.

Craniosynostosis: Current Evaluation and Management.

Craniosynostosis is characterized by the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, which can lead to abnormal skull shape and restricted skull growth. Although most cases are present in isolation, some are associated with genetic syndromes, such as Pfeiffer, Muenke, Couzon, Apert, and others, which increases the complexity of care. Today, a spectrum of surgical options to treat craniosynostosis are available and range from traditional open cranial vault remodeling to newer and less invasive suturectomy-based techniques.

Emerging Treatments and Therapies for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Narrative Review.

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased over the last decade. In this regard, many emerging therapies have been described as ASD therapies. Although ASD does not have a cure, there are several management options available that can help reduce symptom severity.

The neural basis of defensive behaviour evolution in mice.

Evading imminent predator threat is critical for survival. Effective defensive strategies can vary, even between closely related species. However, the neural basis of such species-specific behaviours is still poorly understood.

Anthrax toxins regulate pain signaling and can deliver molecular cargoes into ANTXR2 DRG sensory neurons.

Bacterial products can act on neurons to alter signaling and function. In the present study, we found that dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons are enriched for ANTXR2, the high-affinity receptor for anthrax toxins. Anthrax toxins are composed of protective antigen (PA), which binds to ANTXR2, and the protein cargoes edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF).

Nociceptive Sensory Neurons Mediate Inflammation Induced by Edema Toxin.

Bacterial products are able to act on nociceptive neurons during pathogenic infection. Neurogenic inflammation is an active part of pain signaling and has recently been shown to impact host-pathogen defense. Edema Toxin (ET) produces striking edema in peripheral tissues, but the cellular mechanisms involved in tissue swelling are not completely understood.