Cellular-resolution optogenetics reveals attenuation-by-suppression in visual cortical neurons.

The relationship between neurons' input and spiking output is central to brain computation. Studies in vitro and in anesthetized animals suggest that nonlinearities emerge in cells' input-output (IO; activation) functions as network activity increases, yet how neurons transform inputs in vivo has been unclear. Here, we characterize cortical principal neurons' activation functions in awake mice using two-photon optogenetics.

Single-cell optogenetics reveals attenuation-by-suppression in visual cortical neurons.

The relationship between neurons' input and spiking output is central to brain computation. Studies and in anesthetized animals suggest nonlinearities emerge in cells' input-output (activation) functions as network activity increases, yet how neurons transform inputs has been unclear. Here, we characterize cortical principal neurons' activation functions in awake mice using two-photon optogenetics.

Physician Interpretation of Data of Uncertain Clinical Utility in Oncology Prescription Drug Promotion.

Background: Little is known about how physicians interpret data displays that depict preliminary or exploratory clinical data in physician-targeted sales aids for oncology drugs. Using three factorial experiments, we examined whether disclosures of data limitations and clinical uncertainty adequately communicate the limitations and practical utility of this type of data.

Subjects, Materials, And Methods: The studies used a 2 (disclosure of data limitations: technical, nontechnical) × 2 (disclosure of clinical uncertainty: present, absent) + 1 (control: no disclosure) between-subjects experimental design to examine the impact of disclosures as they relate to presentations of preliminary or exploratory data in promotional communications for oncology products.