Opportunities for Diagnostic Improvement Among Pediatric Hospital Readmissions.

Objectives: Diagnostic errors, termed "missed opportunities for improving diagnosis" (MOIDs), are known sources of harm in children but have not been well characterized in pediatric hospital medicine. Our objectives were to systematically identify and describe MOIDs among general pediatric patients who experienced hospital readmission, outline improvement opportunities, and explore factors associated with increased risk of MOID.

Patients And Methods: Our retrospective cohort study included unplanned readmissions within 15 days of discharge from a freestanding children's hospital (October 2018-September 2020).

A Quality Improvement Initiative to Improve Patient Safety Event Reporting by Residents.

Introduction: Residents play a key role in patient care at academic medical centers and have unique insights into safety improvement opportunities. At our institution, <1% of safety events were reported by resident trainees. The primary objective of this quality improvement (QI) initiative was to increase the monthly incidence of event reporting by pediatric residents by 20% from baseline within 12 months.

Sexual Victimization Disclosure: A Cluster Analysis Approach to Understanding Victimization Experiences in Disclosers and Non-Disclosers.

Research has used cluster analysis to identify clusters, or groups, of sexual victimization survivors who share similar assault experiences. However, researchers have not investigated whether disclosure status is a key component of the survivors' experience. The current study identified two clusters among 174 disclosing and non-disclosing sexual victimization survivors.

Addicted to green: priming effect of menthol cigarette packaging on brain response to smoking cues.

Introduction: Mentholated tobacco cigarettes are believed to be more addictive than non-menthol ones. Packaging of most menthol cigarette brands includes distinctive green hues, which may act as conditioned stimuli (ie, cues) and promote menthol smoking. To examine the cue properties of menthol cigarette packaging, we used a priming paradigm to assess the effect of packaging on the neural substrates of smoking cue reactivity.

Childhood Environmental Instability and Social-Emotional Outcomes in Emerging Adults.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can negatively affect social-emotional functioning. The association between individual and cumulative ACEs and social-emotional domains of self-esteem, loneliness, and negotiation in intimate partner relationships has not been explored in low-risk emerging adults, a gap this study aims to fill. An online survey was administered to undergraduate emerging adults, ages 18 to 25 years ( = 19.

Risk-Taking Propensity and Sensation Seeking in Survivors of Adverse Childhood Experiences.

Risk-taking propensity and sensation seeking are developmentally meaningful traits for emerging adults, individuals ages 18 to 25 years. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) of childhood abuse and neglect, exposure to domestic violence, residing with a substance abusing or mentally ill caregiver, and growing up with an incarcerated family member negatively impact the well-being of emerging adults. However, the specific association between ACEs and risk-taking propensity and sensation seeking has not been previously examined in this age group.

Brain Responses to Anti-Smoking Health Warnings In Youth.

Purpose Of The Review: Adolescents and young adults are a critical target for smoking prevention efforts. Health education is a key approach to these efforts, yet little is known about how adolescents and young adults process health information. One novel approach to understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of cognitive processing of public health communications is to use neuroimaging techniques to map the brain regions involved and make inferences about the neural systems engaged in the processing of health information.

Behavioral and Accumbal Responses During an Affective Go/No-Go Task Predict Adherence to Injectable Naltrexone Treatment in Opioid Use Disorder.

Adherence is a major factor in the effectiveness of the injectable extended-release naltrexone as a relapse prevention treatment in opioid use disorder. We examined the value of a variant of the Go/No-go paradigm in predicting extended-release naltrexone adherence in 27 detoxified opioid use disorder patients who were offered up to 3 monthly extended-release naltrexone injections. Before extended-release naltrexone, participants performed a Go/No-go task that comprised positively valenced Go trials and negatively valenced No-go trials during a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan.

Effects of extended-release naltrexone on the brain response to drug-related stimuli in patients with opioid use disorder.

Background: Heightened response to drug-related cues is a hallmark of addiction. Extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapy for relapse prevention in patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). In these patients, XR-NTX has been shown to reduce brain responses to opioid-related visual stimuli.

Emotional salience of the image component facilitates recall of the text of cigarette warning labels.

Background: Graphic warning labels (GWLs) on cigarette packages, that combine textual warnings with emotionally salient images depicting the adverse health consequences of smoking, have been adopted in most European countries. In the US, the courts deemed the evidence justifying the inclusion of emotionally salient images in GWLs insufficient and put the implementation on hold. We conducted a controlled experimental study examining the effect of emotional salience of GWL's images on the recall of their text component.

Effects of extended-release naltrexone on the brain response to drug-related stimuli in patients with opioid use disorder.

Background: Heightened response to drug-related cues is a hallmark of addiction. Extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapy for relapse prevention in patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). In these patients, XR-NTX has been shown to reduce brain responses to opioid-related visual stimuli.

Sustained opioid antagonism modulates striatal sensitivity to baby schema in opioid use disorder.

Background: Chronic opioid misuse is associated with reduced sensitivity to natural rewards and social motivation deficits that include impaired caregiving. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying these deficits and their response to treatment are not well understood. Baby schema (Kindchenschema) is a set of juvenile physical features, which is perceived as "cute" and triggers motivation for caregiving.

Crack Cocaine Use in Adolescents: Clinical Characteristics and Predictors of Early Initiation.

Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of adolescents with crack cocaine dependence and possible predictors of transition from drug experimentation to crack cocaine dependence.

Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled a consecutive sample of 90 adolescents admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit in the city of Porto Alegre in southern Brazil for crack cocaine detoxification between May 2011 and November 2012. Comorbid psychological conditions were assessed using the Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version, and severity of drug use was assessed using the Teen Addiction Severity Index (T-ASI).