PRESEASON LOWER EXTREMITY FUNCTIONAL TEST SCORES ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER QUADRANT INJURY - A VALIDATION STUDY WITH NORMATIVE DATA ON 395 DIVISION III ATHLETES.

Background: Preseason performance on the lower extremity functional test (LEFT), a timed series of agility drills, has been previously reported to be associated with future risk of lower quadrant (LQ = low back and lower extremities) injury in Division III (D III) athletes. Validation studies are warranted to confirm or refute initial findings.

Hypothesis/purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the ability of the LEFT to discriminate injury occurrence in D III athletes, in order to validate or refute prior findings.

Upper extremity injuries in the throwing athlete.

Upper extremity injuries tend to take more time to recover from, and this is even more so in a throwing athlete. Specific injuries of the shoulder and elbow that are common in the throwing athlete are discussed and how advancements in diagnostic and surgical technology have allowed a quicker, more reliable return for a throwing athlete to their previous level of activity.

Static and dynamic membrane properties of lateral vestibular nucleus neurons in guinea pig brain stem slices.

In vitro intracellular recordings of central vestibular neurons have been restricted so far to the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN). We performed intracellular recordings of large Deiters' neurons in the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) to determine their static and dynamic membrane properties, and compare them with those of type A and type B neurons identified in the MVN. Unlike MVN neurons (MVNn), the giant-size LVN neurons (LVNn) form a homogeneous population of cells characterized by sharp spikes, a low-amplitude, biphasic after-hyperpolarization like type B MVNn, but also an A-like rectification like type A MVNn.