Immune Response in Children Versus Adults.

is perhaps the most prevalent human pathogen worldwide and infects almost half of the world's population. Despite the decreasing prevalence of infection overall, it is significant in developing countries. Most infections are acquired in childhood and persist for a lifetime unless treated.

Identification of multivariable Boolean patterns in microbiome and microbial gene composition data.

Virtually every biological system is governed by complex relations among its components. Identifying such relations requires a rigorous or heuristics-based search for patterns among variables/features of a system. Various algorithms have been developed to identify two-dimensional (involving two variables) patterns employing correlation, covariation, mutual information, etc.

and Its Role in Gastric Cancer.

Gastric cancer is a challenging public health concern worldwide and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The primary risk factor implicated in gastric cancer development is infection with . induces chronic inflammation affecting the gastric epithelium, which can lead to DNA damage and the promotion of precancerous lesions.

Isolation, identification, virulence potential and genomic features of Tenacibaculum piscium isolates recovered from Chilean salmonids.

Tenacibaculum piscium, a gram-negative bacterium isolated from the skin ulcers of sea-farmed fish, has only been described in Norway. In the present study, we examined 16 Chilean Tenacibaculum isolates recovered from different organs in moribund and dead Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) cultured at different fish farms between 2014 and 2018. The present study applied biochemical, phenotypic, fatty acid and whole-genome sequence-based analyses to confirm the taxonomic status of the Chilean isolates.

Firm survival and location preference: evidence from Mexico city.

The aim of this research is to find if there is a relationship between firm location and road class, and whether location decisions regarding road class affect the probability of firm survival. We examine the location of 35 selected types of businesses in Mexico City in four road classes. We develop a location preference coefficient that indicates whether the number of businesses that locate within a road class is above or below the expected number.

infection downregulates the DNA glycosylase NEIL2, resulting in increased genome damage and inflammation in gastric epithelial cells.

Infection with the Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium induces an inflammatory response and oxidative DNA damage in gastric epithelial cells that can lead to gastric cancer (GC). However, the underlying pathogenic mechanism is largely unclear. Here, we report that the suppression of Nei-like DNA glycosylase 2 (NEIL2), a mammalian DNA glycosylase that specifically removes oxidized bases, is one mechanism through which infection may fuel the accumulation of DNA damage leading to GC.

elicits B7H3 expression on gastric epithelial cells: Implications in local T cell regulation and subset development during infection.

() is a gram negative bacterium that infects more than 50% of humanity and is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Although CD4 T cells are recruited to the gastric mucosa, the host is unable to clear the bacteria. Previously, we demonstrated that infection upregulates the expression of the T cell co-inhibitory molecule B7-H1 while simultaneously downregulating the expression of T cell co-stimulatory molecule B7-H2 on gastric epithelial cells (GEC), which together affect the Treg and Th17 cell balance and foster bacterial persistence.

Helicobacter pylori Deregulates T and B Cell Signaling to Trigger Immune Evasion.

Helicobacter pylori is a prevalent human pathogen that successfully establishes chronic infection, which leads to clinically significant gastric diseases including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and gastric cancer (GC). H. pylori is able to produce a persistent infection due in large part to its ability to hijack the host immune response.

Expression of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 by Human Colonic CD90 Stromal Cells Differs Between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease and Determines Their Capacity to Suppress Th1 Cells.

Background And Aims: The role of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligands in the dysregulation of T helper immune responses observed in the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unclear. Recently, a novel concept emerged that CD90 colonic (myo)fibroblasts (CMFs), also known as stromal cells, act as immunosuppressors, and are among the key regulators of acute and chronic inflammation. The objective of this study was to determine if the level of the PD-1 ligands is changed in the IBD inflamed colonic mucosa and to test the hypothesis that changes in IBD-CMF-mediated PD-1 ligand-linked immunosuppression is a mechanism promoting the dysregulation of Th1 cell responses.

Ethylene glycol-assisted coating of titania on nanoparticles.

Coating titania shells onto sub-micron sized particles has been widely studied recently, with success mainly limited to objects with sizes above 50 nm. Direct coating on particles below this size has been difficult to attain especially with good control over properties such as thickness and crystallinity. Here we demonstrate that titanium-glycolate formed by reacting titanium alkoxide and ethylene glycol is an excellent precursor for coating titania on aqueous nanoparticles.

Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island's role in B7-H1 induction and immune evasion.

During Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection CD4+ T cells in the gastric lamina propria are hyporesponsive and polarized by Th1/Th17 cell responses controlled by Treg cells. We have previously shown that H.

Effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastric epithelial cells.

The gastrointestinal epithelium has cells with features that make them a powerful line of defense in innate mucosal immunity. Features that allow gastrointestinal epithelial cells to contribute in innate defense include cell barrier integrity, cell turnover, autophagy, and innate immune responses. Helicobacter pylori (H.

Immune evasion strategies used by Helicobacter pylori.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is perhaps the most ubiquitous and successful human pathogen, since it colonizes the stomach of more than half of humankind. Infection with this bacterium is commonly acquired during childhood.

Diagnostics for Statistical Variable Selection Methods for Prediction of Peptic Ulcer Disease in Infection.

Background: The development of accurate classification models depends upon the methods used to identify the most relevant variables. The aim of this article is to evaluate variable selection methods to identify important variables in predicting a binary response using nonlinear statistical models. Our goals in model selection include producing non-overfitting stable models that are interpretable, that generate accurate predictions and have minimum bias.

TLR4 activation enhances the PD-L1-mediated tolerogenic capacity of colonic CD90+ stromal cells.

Signaling via programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 is crucial for maintaining peripheral tolerance. CD90(+) myofibroblasts/fibroblasts (CMFs) are major programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) ligand-expressing cells in normal human colonic mucosa. CMFs suppress activated CD4(+) T cell proliferation via PD-1 ligands.

Amniotic fluid-borne hepatocyte growth factor protects rat pups against experimental necrotizing enterocolitis.

Fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid, which contains numerous cytokines and growth factors, plays a key role in gut mucosal development. Preterm birth interrupts this exposure to amniotic fluid-borne growth factors, possibly contributing to the increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature infants. We hypothesized that supplementation of formula feeds with amniotic fluid can provide amniotic fluid-borne growth factors and prevent experimental NEC in rat pups.

CagA-dependent downregulation of B7-H2 expression on gastric mucosa and inhibition of Th17 responses during Helicobacter pylori infection.

Gastric epithelial cells (GECs) are the primary target for Helicobacter pylori infection and may act as APCs regulating local T cell responses. We previously reported that H. pylori infection of GECs induces the expression of the T cell coinhibitory molecule B7-H1 on GECs.

Inhibition of rat carotid body glomus cells TASK-like channels by acute hypoxia is enhanced by chronic intermittent hypoxia.

Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), the main feature of obstructive sleep apnea, enhances carotid body (CB) chemosensory responses to acute hypoxia. In spite of that, the primary molecular target of CIH in the CB remains unknown. A key step of the hypoxic response in the CB is the chemoreceptor cell depolarization elicited by the inhibition of K(+) channels.

Role of gastric epithelial cell-derived transforming growth factor beta in reduced CD4+ T cell proliferation and development of regulatory T cells during Helicobacter pylori infection.

Gastric epithelial cells (GECs) express the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and costimulatory molecules, enabling them to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and affect local T cell responses. During Helicobacter pylori infection, GECs respond by releasing proinflammatory cytokines and by increasing the surface expression of immunologically relevant receptors, including class II MHC. The CD4(+) T cell response during H.

Human colonic myofibroblasts promote expansion of CD4+ CD25high Foxp3+ regulatory T cells.

Background & Aims: Regulatory T (Treg) cells (CD4+ CD25high FoxP3+) regulate mucosal tolerance; their adoptive transfer prevents or reduces symptoms of colitis in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. Colonic CD90+ mesenchymal myofibroblasts and fibroblasts (CMFs) are abundant, nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in the normal human colonic mucosa that suppress proliferation of activated CD4+ effector T cells. We studied CMF suppressive capacity and evaluated the ability of CMF to induce Treg cells.

Staphylococcal enterotoxins.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram positive bacterium that is carried by about one third of the general population and is responsible for common and serious diseases. These diseases include food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome, which are caused by exotoxins produced by S.

CD74 in antigen presentation, inflammation, and cancers of the gastrointestinal tract.

CD74 is a protein whose initial role in antigen presentation was recognized two decades ago. Recent studies have revealed that it has additional functions as a receptor for macrophage migration inhibitory factor and as a receptor for an important human pathogen, Helicobacter pylori (H pylori). The role of CD74 as a receptor is important because after binding of migration inhibitory factor or H pylori, NF-kappaB and Erk1/2 activation occurs, along with the induction of proinflammatory cytokine secretion.

PD-1 ligand expression by human colonic myofibroblasts/fibroblasts regulates CD4+ T-cell activity.

Background & Aims: A prominent role for inhibitory molecules PD-L1 and PD-L2 in peripheral tolerance has been proposed. However, the phenotype and function of PD-L-expressing cells in human gut remains unclear. Recent studies suggest that colonic myofibroblasts (CMFs) and fibroblasts are important in the switch from acute inflammation to adaptive immunity.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and interleukin-8 produced by gastric epithelial cells during Helicobacter pylori exposure induce expression and activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor.

While a link between Helicobacter pylori exposure and gastric cancer has been established, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. H. pylori induces a chronic inflammatory response in infected individuals.