Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis: a systematic review.

Background: The sensitivity and specificity of the leukocyte esterase test are relatively low for a screening test for urinary tract infection (UTI). More accurate tests could reduce both overtreatment and missed cases. This study aimed to determine whether neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) can replace leukocyte esterase in the diagnosis of UTI and/or whether NGAL accurately identifies children with acute pyelonephritis.

Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children.

Background: In children with urinary tract infection (UTI), only those with pyelonephritis (and not cystitis) are at risk for developing long-term renal sequelae. If non-invasive biomarkers could accurately differentiate children with cystitis from children with pyelonephritis, treatment and follow-up could potentially be individualized. This is an update of a review first published in 2015.

Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Children: A Meta-Analysis.

Objective: To determine the point prevalence of bacteriuria and bacteriuria without pyuria in asymptomatic children by a systematic review of the literature.

Study Design: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for English-, French-, German-, Italian-, and Spanish-language articles. We included articles reporting data on bacteriuria in asymptomatic children up to 19 years of age who had urine collected by suprapubic bladder aspiration, bladder catheterization, or by 3 consecutive clean catch samples.