Willingness of Black and White Adults to Accept Vaccines in Development: An Exploratory Study Using National Survey Data.

Purpose: Explore acceptability of vaccines in development: cancer, Type II diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Lyme disease, Ebola, and obesity. Research questions: To what extent does acceptability vary by vaccine type? To what extent does acceptability of vaccines in development vary by race and other key demographics? To what extent are general vaccine hesitancy and key demographics associated with acceptability of vaccines in development?

Design: Cross-sectional online survey administered through GfK's KnowledgePanel in 2015. Analysis completed in 2020.

Using classification and regression tree analysis to explore parental influenza vaccine decisions.

Background And Objectives: Influenza poses a public health threat for children and adults. The CDC recommends annual influenza vaccination for children <18 years, yet vaccine uptake remains low for children (57.9%) and adults (37.

Home remedy use and influenza vaccination among African American and white adults: An exploratory study.

Racial disparities in influenza vaccination persist between African American and White adults. It is critical to explore the reasons behind this disparity, which may be linked to the use of "folk" or home remedies for illness prevention and treatment. For this study, The GfK Group was contracted to conduct a nationally-representative survey (n = 819 African American and 838 White respondents).

Measuring vaccine hesitancy, confidence, trust and flu vaccine uptake: Results of a national survey of White and African American adults.

Introduction: Vaccine hesitancy (VH) has emerged as a factor in vaccine delay and refusal yet the measurement of the constructs within vaccine hesitancy remains a challenge. Outstanding questions include; should VH be measured as an attitude or a behavior? What is the role of key constructs including confidence, complacency, and convenience? What is the role of trust? Should measures be general or vaccine specific? Furthermore, much of the research has centered on parental acceptance of vaccines for their children.

Methods: In March of 2015, we contracted with the GfK Group to conduct a nationally representative survey with 819 African American and 838 White, US born adults.

"You don't trust a government vaccine": Narratives of institutional trust and influenza vaccination among African American and white adults.

Vaccine confidence depends on trust in vaccines as products and trust in the system that produces them. In the US, this system consists of a complex network connecting pharmaceutical companies, government agencies, and the healthcare system. We explore narratives from White and African American adults describing their trust in these institutions, with a focus on influenza vaccine.

Social media use and influenza vaccine uptake among White and African American adults.

Influenza vaccination rates in the U.S. remain low at 41% among adults over 18 years according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2016 data.

Breaking down the monolith: Understanding flu vaccine uptake among African Americans.

Black adults are significantly less likely to be immunized for seasonal influenza when compared to Whites. This persistent disparity contributes to increased influenza-related morbidity and mortality in the African American population. Most scholarship on vaccine disparities has compared Whites and Blacks.

The influence of social norms on flu vaccination among African American and White adults.

Adult influenza vaccination rates remain suboptimal, particularly among African Americans. Social norms may influence vaccination behavior, but little research has focused on influenza vaccine and almost no research has focused on racially-specific norms. This mixed methods investigation utilizes qualitative interviews and focus groups (n = 118) and national survey results (n = 1643) to assess both descriptive and subjective norms surrounding influenza vaccination.

Determinants of influenza vaccination among high-risk Black and White adults.

Background: Adults with chronic conditions are at much greater risk of influenza-related morbidity and mortality, yet flu vaccine uptake remains suboptimal. Research focused on the high-risk population has been limited, particularly related to racial disparities in vaccination. We explore a broad range of demographic, racial, and psychosocial factors to identify predictors of vaccination among high-risk adults, with a focus on identify differences between Black and White adults.

Determinants of trust in the flu vaccine for African Americans and Whites.

Trust is thought to be a major factor in vaccine decisions, but few studies have empirically tested the role of trust in adult immunization. Utilizing a 2015 national survey of African American and White adults (n = 1630), we explore multiple dimensions of trust related to influenza immunization, including generalized trust, trust in the flu vaccine, and trust in the vaccine production process. We find African Americans report lower trust than Whites across all trust measures.

Public Understanding of Medical Countermeasures.

Medical countermeasures, including new drugs and vaccines, are necessary to protect the public's health from novel diseases and terrorist threats. Experience with the 2001 anthrax attack and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic suggest that there is limited willingness to accept such drugs and that minority groups may respond differently from others. We conducted 148 intercept interviews in the metropolitan Washington, DC, area, examining 2 hypothetical scenarios: a new respiratory virus and public exposure to high levels of radiation.

The Role of Risk Perception in Flu Vaccine Behavior among African-American and White Adults in the United States.

Seasonal flu vaccination rates are low for U.S. adults, with significant disparities between African and white Americans.

Exploring the Continuum of Vaccine Hesitancy Between African American and White Adults: Results of a Qualitative Study.

Vaccine delay and refusal present very real threats to public health. Since even a slight reduction in vaccination rates could produce major consequences as herd immunity is eroded, it is imperative to understand the factors that contribute to decision-making about vaccines. Recent scholarship on the concept of "vaccine hesitancy" emphasizes that vaccine behaviors and beliefs tend to fall along a continuum from refusal to acceptance.

Exploring racial influences on flu vaccine attitudes and behavior: Results of a national survey of White and African American adults.

Introduction: Racial disparities in adult flu vaccination rates persist with African Americans falling below Whites in vaccine acceptance. Although the literature has examined traditional variables including barriers, access, attitudes, among others, there has been virtually no examination of the extent to which racial factors including racial consciousness, fairness, and discrimination may affect vaccine attitudes and behaviors.

Methods: We contracted with GfK to conduct an online, nationally representative survey with 819 African American and 838 White respondents.

Improving Interactive Health Literacy Skills of Older Adults: Lessons Learned From Formative Organizational Research With Community Partners.

Background: Meals on Wheels (MOW) organizations are ideal community partners for delivering social support relating to health information exchange for vulnerable and home-bound older adults.

Objectives: This article illustrates how formative organizational evaluation can be used to adapt health literacy interventions delivered by community partners.

Methods: Key informant interviews and ethnographic observations were conducted as part of a formative organizational evaluation of potential community partners.

Public acceptance of peramivir during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic: implications for other drugs or vaccines under emergency use authorizations.

Objective: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that up to 88 million H1N1 influenza cases, 398,000 hospitalizations, and up to 18,050 related deaths, including significant racial and ethnic disparities, occurred between April 2009 and March 13, 2010. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved emergency use authorizations (EUAs), which allowed the distribution of unapproved drugs or the off-label use of approved drugs. In late 2009, peramivir was granted an EUA for patients with severe disease.

Determinants of Parental Acceptance of the H1N1 Vaccine.

Although designated as a high-risk group during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic, only about 40% of U.S. children received the vaccine, a relatively low percentage compared with high-risk groups in seasonal influenza, such as the elderly, whose vaccine rates typically top 70%.

Trust during the early stages of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic.

Distrust of the government often stands in the way of cooperation with public health recommendations in a crisis. The purpose of this article is to describe the public's trust in government recommendations during the early stages of the H1N1 pandemic and to identify factors that might account for these trust levels. The authors surveyed 1,543 respondents about their experiences and attitudes related to H1N1 influenza between June 3, 2009, and July 6, 2009, during the first wave of the pandemic using the Knowledge Networks online panel.

Training meals on wheels volunteers as health literacy coaches for older adults.

Homebound older adults constitute a "hardly reached" population with respect to health communication. Older adults also typically suffer from health literacy challenges, which put them at increased risk of adverse health outcomes. Suboptimal interactions with providers are one such challenge.

Exploring communication, trust in government, and vaccination intention later in the 2009 H1N1 pandemic: results of a national survey.

With the growing recognition of the critical role that risk communication plays in a public health emergency, a number of articles have provided prescriptive best practices to enhance such communication. However, little empirical research has examined perceptions of the quality of communication, the impact of uncertainty on changing communication, use of information sources, and trust in specific government spokespersons. Similarly, although there is significant conceptual focus on trust and communication as important in vaccination intent and acceptance, little research has explored these relationships empirically.

The effectiveness of bundled health messages on recall.

Purpose: This study is an initial step in determining the effectiveness of bundling preconception messages on short-term recall in a health communication intervention.

Design: A six-cell quasi-experiment with control was employed.

Setting: Mall intercept interviews were conducted in three southern cities.

Cognitive and emotional health risk perceptions among people living in poverty.

Many theories of risk perception and health behavior examine cognitive dimensions of risk (i.e., perceived susceptibility or severity) but not emotional dimensions.

The impact of workplace policies and other social factors on self-reported influenza-like illness incidence during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic.

Objectives: We assessed the impact of social determinants of potential exposure to H1N1--which are unequally distributed by race/ethnicity in the United States--on incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic.

Methods: In January 2010 we surveyed a nationally representative sample (n = 2079) of US adults from the Knowledge Networks online research panel, with Hispanic and African American oversamples. The completion rate was 56%.