Correction: The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.5334/aogh.4056.

The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health.

Background: Plastics have conveyed great benefits to humanity and made possible some of the most significant advances of modern civilization in fields as diverse as medicine, electronics, aerospace, construction, food packaging, and sports. It is now clear, however, that plastics are also responsible for significant harms to human health, the economy, and the earth's environment. These harms occur at every stage of the plastic life cycle, from extraction of the coal, oil, and gas that are its main feedstocks through to ultimate disposal into the environment.

A Modular and Expandable Ecosystem for Metabolomics Data Annotation in R.

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based untargeted metabolomics experiments have become increasingly popular because of the wide range of metabolites that can be analyzed and the possibility to measure novel compounds. LC-MS instrumentation and analysis conditions can differ substantially among laboratories and experiments, thus resulting in non-standardized datasets demanding customized annotation workflows. We present an ecosystem of R packages, centered around the , and packages that together provide a modular infrastructure for the annotation of untargeted metabolomics data.

Mixed Strong-Electroweak Corrections to the Drell-Yan Process.

We report on the first complete computation of the mixed QCD-electroweak (EW) corrections to the neutral-current Drell-Yan process. Superseding previously applied approximations, our calculation provides the first result at this order that is valid in the entire range of dilepton invariant masses. The two-loop virtual contribution is computed by using semianalytical techniques, overcoming the technical problems in the evaluation of the relevant master integrals.

Multigram synthesis of N-alkyl bis-ureas for asymmetric hydrogen bonding phase-transfer catalysis.

Fluorine is a key element present in ~35% of agrochemicals and 25% of marketed pharmaceutical drugs. The availability of reliable synthetic protocols to prepare catalysts that allow the efficient incorporation of fluorine in organic molecules is therefore essential for broad applicability. Herein, we report a protocol for the multigram synthesis of two representative enantiopure N-alkyl bis-urea organocatalysts derived from (S)-(-)-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diamine ((S)-BINAM).

Parton Density Uncertainties and the Determination of Electroweak Parameters at Hadron Colliders.

We discuss the determination of electroweak parameters from hadron collider observables, focusing on the W-boson mass measurement. We revise the procedures adopted in the literature to include in the experimental analysis the uncertainty due to our imperfect knowledge of the proton structure. We show how the treatment of the proton parton density functions' (PDFs') uncertainty as a source of systematic error leads to the automatic inclusion in the fit of the bin-bin correlation of the kinematic distributions with respect to PDF variations.

Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order Mixed QCD-Electroweak Corrections to On-Shell Z Production.

We present the first analytical results for the O(αα_{s}) corrections to the total cross section for the inclusive production of an on-shell Z boson at hadron colliders. We include the complete set of contributions, with photonic and massive weak gauge boson effects, which have been computed in analytical form and expressed in terms of polylogarithmic and elliptic integrals. We present numerical results, relevant for the precision studies at the LHC.

Hydrogen Bonding Phase-Transfer Catalysis with Ionic Reactants: Enantioselective Synthesis of γ-Fluoroamines.

Ammonium salts are used as phase-transfer catalysts for fluorination with alkali metal fluorides. We now demonstrate that these organic salts, specifically azetidinium triflates, are suitable substrates for enantioselective ring opening with CsF and a chiral -urea catalyst. This process, which highlights the ability of hydrogen bonding phase-transfer catalysts to couple two ionic reactants, affords enantioenriched γ-fluoroamines in high yields.

Hydrogen Bonding Phase-Transfer Catalysis with Potassium Fluoride: Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Fluoroamines.

Potassium fluoride (KF) is an ideal reagent for fluorination because it is safe, easy to handle and low-cost. However, poor solubility in organic solvents coupled with limited strategies to control its reactivity has discouraged its use for asymmetric C-F bond formation. Here, we demonstrate that hydrogen bonding phase-transfer catalysis with KF provides access to valuable β-fluoroamines in high yields and enantioselectivities.

Assembly of Divalent Ligands and Their Effect on Divalent Binding to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lectin LecA.

Divalent ligands were prepared as inhibitors for the adhesion protein of the problematic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogen. Bridging two binding sites enables simultaneous binding of two galactose moieties, which strongly enhances binding. An alternating motif of glucose and triazole and aryl groups was shown to have the right mix of rigidity, solubility, and ease of synthesis.

Asymmetric nucleophilic fluorination under hydrogen bonding phase-transfer catalysis.

Common anionic nucleophiles such as those derived from inorganic salts have not been used for enantioselective catalysis because of their insolubility. Here, we report that merging hydrogen bonding and phase-transfer catalysis provides an effective mode of activation for nucleophiles that are insoluble in organic solvents. This catalytic manifold relies on hydrogen bonding complexation to render nucleophiles soluble and reactive, while simultaneously inducing asymmetry in the ensuing transformation.

Cultivating the Inner Life of a Physician Through Written Reflection.

All of us have an "inner life" that forms the core of who we are. It shapes and is shaped by our actions and experiences. During physician training, attention to residents' inner life requires a focus on their beliefs and emotions as well as their ethical and spiritual development, topics often considered to be outside the realm of clinical training and practice.

On the Inner Life of Physicians: Analysis of Family Medicine Residents' Written Reflections.

This qualitative study introduces the broad and inclusive concept of the "inner life of physicians" and analyzes the written reflections (N = 756) of family medicine residents (N = 33) during their residency as indicative of the physicians' inner lives. Residents completed reflective entries without specific prompts. Researchers describe unsolicited emergent categorical themes indicative of a robust inner life of the physician.

Prospects for improving the LHC W boson mass measurement with forward muons.

Measurements of the boson mass are planned by the ATLAS and CMS experiments, but for the time being, these may be unable to compete with the current world average precision of 15 MeV, due to uncertainties in the PDFs. We discuss the potential of a measurement by the LHCb experiment based on the charged lepton transverse momentum [Formula: see text] spectrum in [Formula: see text] decays. The unique forward acceptance of LHCb means that the PDF uncertainties would be anti-correlated with those of [Formula: see text] based measurements by ATLAS and CMS.

The Standard Model from LHC to future colliders.

This review summarizes the results of the activities which have taken place in 2014 within the Standard Model Working Group of the "What Next" Workshop organized by INFN, Italy. We present a framework, general questions, and some indications of possible answers on the main issue for Standard Model physics in the LHC era and in view of possible future accelerators.

Learning to See Beneath the Surface: A Qualitative Analysis of Family Medicine Residents' Reflections About Communication.

Patients share straightforward statements with physicians such as describing their fears about their diagnosis. Physicians need to also understanding implicit, indirect, subtle communication cues that give broader context to patients' illness experiences. This project examines physicians' written reflections that offer insight into their interpretation of both the stated and the tacit aspects of their observations about communication, their resulting responses, and their intended actions.

Catalytic highly enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of β-trifluoromethyl nitroalkenes. An easy and general entry to optically active β-trifluoromethyl amines.

In the presence of a thiourea catalyst, β-CF3 nitroalkenes react with Hantzsch esters in a highly enantioselective fashion, giving a broad range of β-CF3 amine precursors with a tertiary stereocentre at the β-position. This reaction represents the first general catalytic enantioselective approach to this important class of β-CF3 amines.

Quantitative assessment of post-disaster housing recovery: a case study of Punta Gorda, Florida, after Hurricane Charley.

Quantitative assessment of post-disaster housing recovery is critical to enhancing understanding of the process and improving the decisions that shape it. Nevertheless, few comprehensive empirical evaluations of post-disaster housing recovery have been conducted, and no standard measurement methods exist. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of housing recovery in Punta Gorda, Florida, United States, following Hurricane Charley of August 2004, including an overview of the phases of housing recovery, progression of recovery over time, alternative trajectories of recovery, differential recovery, incorporation of mitigation, and effect on property sales.

Ethical issues and approaches in stem cell research: from international insights to a proposal.

In recent years and months, human stem cell research has dominated many scientists' interests, the media, public debate, and social policy. This paper aims to consider, first, the major scientific data on stem cell research that are available. Second, I reflect on them by examining how they shaped policies in Europe and the United States.

Intravesical electromotive administration of drugs for treatment of superficial bladder cancer: a comparative Phase II study.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of electromotive administration (EMDA) of intravesical mitomycin-C (MMC) in patients with superficial bladder tumors and to evaluate the toxicity of the treatment.

Methods: Thirteen patients with multifocal Stages Ta-T1 and G1-G2 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder, primary or recurrent (group A), received MMC 40 mg (retained in the bladder for 2 hours) once a week for 8 weeks. Fifteen patients with the same characteristics (group B) were treated with EMDA/MMC at a current of 15 mA for 20 minutes once a week for 8 weeks.

Reducing machine heat and noise by a special enclosure.

Some improvements on a machine used in the steel cord industry are described. The main ergonomic problems found in a department with such machines are the high noise and heat. The noise produced by the machine and by its components was studied and an enclosure containing the most noisy parts was built.