Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Children: Recommendations of Pediatric Gastroenterology Chapter of Indian Academy of Pediatrics, Indian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ISPGHAN).

Justification: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) related symptoms are a major cause of parental concern and referrals at all ages. These guidelines have been framed to inform pediatricians regarding current diagnosis and management of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Process: A group of experts from the pediatric gastroenterology sub-specialty chapter of Indian Academy of Pediatrics (ISPGHAN) discussed various issues relating to the subject online on 25 October, 2020.

Intussusception in celiac disease: Is it a common feature in children?

Background And Aim: There are sporadic reports of occurrence of intussusception in celiac disease (CD) but no systematic study yet. We prospectively studied the prevalence and natural history of intussusception in newly diagnosed CD.

Methods: From January 2010 to October 2013, 150 children, diagnosed to have CD on the basis of positive serology and duodenal biopsy, were recruited in this study.

Pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma in a developing country: Is the etiology changing?

HCC is the second most common malignant liver tumor of childhood. It typically affects children with a median age of 10-14 yr on background hepatitis B-related liver disease and is often metastatic or locally advanced at diagnosis. Children below the age of five yr typically constitute <10% of all children with HCC.

Estimation of liver volume in the western Indian population.

Background: A number of formulae to estimate standard liver volume (SLV) exist. However, studies have shown that only certain formulae are applicable to a particular patient population, whereas the other formulae have not been accurate in estimating the SLV. Aim of this study was to assess which formula is most accurate in estimating SLV in the western Indian population.

Hepatopulmonary Syndrome in children: a comparative study of non-cirrhotic vs. cirrhotic portal hypertension.

Background & Aims: Hepatopulmonary syndrome in children has not been extensively studied particularly in different subsets of portal hypertension. We prospectively studied hepatopulmonary syndrome in children with cirrhosis and extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. Their comparison might shed light on the pathogenesis of hepatopulmonary syndrome.

Duodenal morphometry and small bowel permeability in children with portal hypertension.

Objective: We prospectively studied children with portal hypertension (PHT) for portal hypertensive duodenopathy (PHTD) and small bowel intestinal permeability (SIP) with the objectives of defining histopathological parameters for PHTD and to find out whether any association existed among structural changes, SIP, and nutritional status.

Method: SIP was assessed by using lactulose and mannitol sugar probes in 31 children with PHT (cirrhosis n = 15 and extrahepatic portal venous obstruction n = 16) and 15 healthy children as controls. Morphometric assessment from duodenal biopsies was done in children with PHT.

Serial evaluation of children with ALF with advanced MRI, serum proinflammatory cytokines, thiamine, and cognition assessment.

Objectives: This prospective, sequential study was done to understand changes in cerebral edema (CE) on magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, liver functions, and neurocognitive testing (NCT) in children with acute liver failure (ALF).

Methods: A total of 11 ALF and 8 healthy controls were evaluated with advanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, blood proinflammatory cytokines (PCs), thiamine levels, liver functions, and NCT. Reevaluation was done at 43.

Low levels of vitamin D in North Indian children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes.

Background: To find out whether vitamin D levels are lower in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1D) as compared to non-diabetic subjects.

Methods: Plasma levels of vitamin D (25-OHD) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 50 children aged between 6 and 12 yr within a week of diagnosis of T1D, and in 50 healthy children.

Results: The mean levels of vitamin D were significantly lower in patients as compared to their controls [20.