How, not if, is the question mycologists should be asking about DNA-based typification.

Fungal metabarcoding of substrates such as soil, wood, and water is uncovering an unprecedented number of fungal species that do not seem to produce tangible morphological structures and that defy our best attempts at cultivation, thus falling outside the scope of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. The present study uses the new, ninth release of the species hypotheses of the UNITE database to show that species discovery through environmental sequencing vastly outpaces traditional, Sanger sequencing-based efforts in a strongly increasing trend over the last five years. Our findings challenge the present stance of some in the mycological community - that the current situation is satisfactory and that no change is needed to "the code" - and suggest that we should be discussing not whether to allow DNA-based descriptions (typifications) of species and by extension higher ranks of fungi, but what the precise requirements for such DNA-based typifications should be.

Systemic infection of (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) by (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) in western North America.

(Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) is one of the dominant genera of hair lichens in western North America and is characteristic of high-elevation conifer forest ecosystems. In areas where is abundant, it is common to find thalli in which the thalline filaments become conglutinated, forming brittle dead zones. After sampling thalli across western Canada and the northwestern United States at different times of the year, we found that this dieback phenomenon is associated with the winter growth of a mold-forming basidiomycete.

Systematic placement of and description of two new species.

is a rare corticioid species with characteristic morphology different from other species. We used nuc 5.8S rDNA, nuc 28S rDNA, and mt 12S rDNA loci to infer the phylogenetic position of .

Significance of incongruent DNA loci in the taxonomy of wood-decaying .

Modern taxonomic studies of Agaricomycetes rely on the integrative analyses of morphology, environmental data, geographic distribution, and usually several DNA loci. However, sampling and selection of DNA loci for the analyses are commonly shallow. In this study, we suggest minimal numbers of necessary specimens to sample and DNA loci to analyze in order to prevent inadequate taxonomic decisions in species groups with minor morphological and genealogical differences.

Morphological plasticity in brown-rot fungi: is redefined to encompass both poroid and corticioid species.

Most known brown rot-producing species of Polyporales belong to the so-called "Antrodia clade" that largely consists of poroid species. In this study, we use three genetic markers to revise s. str.

Megaphylogeny resolves global patterns of mushroom evolution.

Mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) have the greatest morphological diversity and complexity of any group of fungi. They have radiated into most niches and fulfil diverse roles in the ecosystem, including wood decomposers, pathogens or mycorrhizal mutualists. Despite the importance of mushroom-forming fungi, large-scale patterns of their evolutionary history are poorly known, in part due to the lack of a comprehensive and dated molecular phylogeny.

Phylogeny and global diversity of Porodaedalea, a genus of gymnosperm pathogens in the Hymenochaetales.

Porodaedalea is a polypore genus of the Hymenochaetales that encompasses pathogens of conifer trees. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive study of the phylogeny and diversity of Porodaedalea based on collections and isolates from Europe, North America, North Africa, and Asia. Phylogenetic analysis of a two-gene data set, nuc ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.

Studies in the Stypella vermiformis group (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota).

Stypella vermiformis is a heterobasidiomycete producing minute gelatinous basidiocarps on rotten wood of conifers in the Northern Hemisphere. In the current literature, Stypella papillata, the genus type of Stypella (described from Brazil), is treated as a taxonomic synonym of S. vermiformis.

Additions to the taxonomy of and (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota).

is a small genus of wood-decaying basidiomycetes in the order Hymenochaetales. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have either supported as a distinct taxon or indicated that it should be subsumed under , a genus that covers the majority of species formerly placed in . We used sequences from the ITS and nuclear LSU regions to infer the phylogenetic position of the type species .

Polyozellus multiplex (Thelephorales) is a species complex containing four new species.

Geographic, morphological, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based molecular review of collections identified as Polyozellus multiplex revealed that it is a complex of five phylogenetic species. Average spore size-either less or more than 7 × 6 µm-splits the complex into a small-spored group of two (P. multiplex and P.

Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Auriculariales (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) with stereoid basidiocarps.

In the present study, we investigate taxonomy of the Auriculariales with effused or cupulate, persistent basidiocarps; generic and species concepts are revised based on morphological and DNA evidences. The genus Eichleriella is reinstated to embrace ten closely related species with ellipsoid-ovoid basidia, and the genus type, Eichleriella incarnata, is placed to the synonyms of Eichleriella leucophaea. Eichleriella bactriana, Eichleriella desertorum and Eichleriella sicca are described as new to science.

Studies in the Antrodia serialis group (Polyporales, Basidiomycota).

Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Antrodia serialis group are revised with morphological, ecological, and geographic data, partial translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) gene sequences, and nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S sequences. The group contains 13 species found in boreal and temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere.

Species diversity in the Antrodia crassa group (Polyporales, Basidiomycota).

Antrodia is a polyphyletic genus, comprising brown-rot polypores with annual or short-lived perennial resupinate, dimitic basidiocarps. Here we focus on species that are closely related to Antrodia crassa, and investigate their phylogeny and species delimitation using geographic, ecological, morphological and molecular data (ITS and LSU rDNA, tef1). Phylogenetic analyses distinguished four clades within the monophyletic group of eleven conifer-inhabiting species (five described herein): (1)A.

What is Antrodia sensu stricto?

The polypore genus Antrodia (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) in the strict sense consists of a small number of species grouped around the type species A. serpens in phylogenetic analyses. This distinct clade (Antrodia sensu stricto in our view) contains species of the Antrodia heteromorpha complex, A.