Toxigenic strains of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum isolated from dairy cattle feed produce fumonisins, moniliformin and a new C21H38N2O6 metabolite phytotoxic to Lemna minor L.

Corn samples suspected of causing refusal-to-eat syndrome in dairy cattle were examined mycologically. Fusarium moniliforme (14 isolates) and F. proliferatum (12 isolates) were the predominant fungi present.

Correlation of moniliformin, but not fumonisin B1 levels, in culture materials of Fusarium isolates to acute death in ducklings.

Five isolates of Fusarium moniliforme and two isolates Fusarium proliferatum of the Section Liseola were each fermented on rice for 21 d at 25 C. Each Fusarium-fermented rice, when dried and mixed into a poultry diet (10% by weight), caused a varied degree of acute mortality in baby Pekin ducklings. The acute (death in less than 48 h) mortality correlated significantly only to the amount of moniliformin in fermented rice, thus in the diet, but not to the amount of fumonisin B1 in fermented rice.

Inhibition of gluconeogenesis in cultured chicken embryo hepatocytes by Fusarium metabolites.

Four Fusarium metabolites, 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol, 2,5-anhydro-D-sorbitol, moniliformin, and fumonisin B1, were tested for their ability to inhibit gluconeogenesis and cell viability in a primary chicken embryo hepatocyte culture system. The hepatocyte system was established from fertilized chicken eggs that were incubated for 14 days. The hepatocytes produced and secreted glucose into the supernatant of a Krebs incubation solution amended with 3 mM of either lactate or fructose as a precursor for glucose formation.

(all trans)-2,4,6,8,10,12-tetradecahexene-1,14-dial, a new pigment from Conidiobolus paulus.

A study of the coloring matter produced by Conidiobolus paulus Drechsler NRRL 2648 on potato-dextrose medium led to the isolation of a new dialdehyde unsaturated metabolite, (all trans)-2,4,6,8,10,12-tetradeca-1,14-hexenedial. The structure was characterized by MS and by 1H- and 13C-NMR. The compound inhibited the growth of the Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus cereus, and the Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli (MIC values of 10 micrograms and 50 micrograms, respectively).

Inhibition of protein serine/threonine phosphatases by fumonisin B1, a mycotoxin.

Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme, which is a common contaminant of corn, is suspected to be a cause of human esophageal cancer. FB1 is hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in rats, and although the mechanisms involved have not been clarified, the latter is associated with a weak initiating activity. The effects of FB1 on the activity of protein serine/threonine phosphatases (PPs) (PP1, PP2A, PP2B, PP2C and PP5/T/K/H) were investigated in the present study.

Development of an L6 myoblast in vitro model of moniliformin toxicosis.

L6 myoblasts were used as an in vitro model to investigate the role of moniliformin and its interaction with monensin in turkey knockdown syndrome and sudden death syndromes in poultry. Cell viability and microscopic and ultrastructural alterations noted in L6 myoblasts cultured in the presence of moniliformin (0.0-0.

Acute cardiotoxicity of moniliformin in broiler chickens as measured by electrocardiography.

Electrocardiography was used to examine the acute cardiotoxic effects of moniliformin on 3-week-old broiler chickens. Each of the seven pairs of anesthetized birds (pentobarbital sodium, 40 mg/kg body weight, intramuscular) was injected intravenously with moniliformin (1 mg/kg body weight) or an equal volume of normal saline (1 ml/kg body weight), and changes in electrocardiogram were monitored for 50 minutes. Three of the seven birds injected with moniliformin died within 50 minutes post-injection.

Intravenous fumonisin B1 induces cell proliferation and apoptosis in the rat.

In the rat, the target organs of fumonisin B1, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme, are the kidney and liver. Fumonisin B1 is also hepatocarcinogenic in the rat and is associated epidemiologically with esophageal cancer in humans. We investigated the effect of a single intravenous dose of fumonisin B1 on cell proliferation, lesion development, and glutathione status in the major target organs of the rat.

Comparative cytotoxicity of fumonisin B1 and moniliformin in chicken primary cell cultures.

Two water-soluble Fusarium metabolites, fumonisin B1 (FB1) and moniliformin (MN) were compared for their cytotoxicity in a variety of chicken primary cell cultures. Cardiac and skeletal myocytes and hepatocytes derived from embryos, and splenocytes, macrophages, and chondrocytes derived from 3- to 4-week old chickens were cultured in media containing either FB1 or MN (0 to 1 mM) for 48 hr. The colorimetric tetrazolium cleavage assay was then used for measuring cell survival.

Fusarium species associated with banana fruit rot and their potential toxigenicity.

Banana fruits exhibiting signs of decay were collected from markets in the United States and Italy. Fungi isolated from the lesions on the banana fruits wereFusarium moniliforme, F subglutinans, andF. semitectum var.

The effect of fumonisin B1 on isolated chondrocytes and on bone formation.

Toxic effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1) were observed with cultured chondrocytes isolated from epiphyseal growth plates and with growing broiler chicks. Viability of chondrocytes was reduced after 48 h exposure to FB1, and half lethal concentration of FB1 was estimated to be greater than 250 microM. Increase in cell size was inhibited by as low as 25 microM FB1.

Effects of intravenous fumonisin B1 in rabbits: nephrotoxicity and sphingolipid alterations.

Fumonisin B1 is hepatotoxic in all species, but nephrotoxicity has only been reported in rats. It is a specific inhibitor of sphinganine N-acyltransferase. Our objective was to determine the target organs for fumonisin toxicosis in the rabbit.

Toxicity of corn culture material of Fusarium proliferatum M-7176 and nutritional intervention in chicks.

The toxicity of Fusarium proliferatum M-7176 cultured on corn (FPC) and nutritional intervention were investigated in baby chicks (New Hampshire x Single Comb White Leghorn) in three 2-wk feeding experiments. In Experiment 1, 30% FPC decreased weight gain (P < .05) and increased relative heart weight (RHW) (P < .

Comparison of the cytotoxicities of Fusarium metabolites and Alternaria metabolite AAL-toxin to cultured mammalian cell lines.

Four water-soluble Fusarium metabolites (fumonisin B1, fusaric acid, butenolide and moniliformin), water-insoluble pigment (8-O-methylbostrycoidin), and an Alternaria metabolite (AAL-toxin) were tested for relative cytotoxicity to five established mammalian cell lines. Butenolide was the most cytotoxic to all five cell lines. LC50s were; 1 microgram/ml to rat hepatoma (RH) (tumors derived from parenchymal cells), 7 micrograms/ml to baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) fibroblast cells, and 15 micrograms/ml to McCoy mouse (MM) fibroblast cells: LC100s were 1 microgram/ml to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fibroblast cells, and 5 micrograms/ml to dog kidney (MDCK) fibroblast cells.

2-Hydroxyhexadecanoic and 8,9,13-trihydroxydocosanoic acid accumulation by yeasts treated with fumonisin B1.

Fumonisin B1 is a sphingolipid-like compound that enhances the accumulation of yeast sphingolipids and 2-hydroxy fatty acids. These lipids occur both as freely extractable and cell bound components in yeast fermentations. Both free and bound 2-hydroxy fatty acids produced by Pichia sydowiorum NRRL Y-7130 were increased when fumonisin B1 (50 mg/L) was added to the usual growth medium containing yeast extract/malt extract/peptone/glucose.

Reexamination ofFusarium graminearum NRRL-13820and NRRL-13852 reported as type A trichothecene producers.

NRRL-13820 and NRRL-13852 are reported to be two atypicalFusarium graminearum strains type A trichothecene producers [T-2 toxin (T-2) and diacetoxy-scirpenol (DAS)]. These two strains were reexamined by morphological, genetical (DNA / DNA relatedness) and toxicological techniques and compared with 28 wildF graminearum isolates obtained from corn in Italy and the USA. The isolate NRRL-13820 was morphologically confirmed as a typical isolate ofF graminearum, while the isolate NRRL-13852 showed some peculiar characteristics.

Isolation and purification of AAL-toxin from Alternaria alternata grown on rice.

An isolation and purification procedure is described for AAL-toxin, a secondary metabolite produced by Alternaria alternata. The method involves growth of the fungus on rice media, extraction with chloroform followed by methanol: water from fungus-infested rice, and purification of the aqueous layer that contains AAL-toxin by using chromatography methods. The AAL-toxin was of type A, and white in color, and its purity was > or = 95% with mol.

Effects of selected secondary metabolites of Fusarium moniliforme on unscheduled synthesis of DNA by rat primary hepatocytes.

The Fusarium moniliforme mycotoxins--fusarin C, fumonisin B1, moniliformin and bikaverin--were evaluated for genotoxicity by their ability to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in primary rat hepatocytes. Isolated hepatocytes were exposed to several concentrations of moniliformin (5.0-500 microM), bikaverin (1.

AAL toxins, fumonisins (biology and chemistry) and host-specificity concepts.

The AAL toxins and the fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) are structurally related and produced respectively by Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici and Fusarium moniliforme.

Characterization of fumonisin toxicity in orally and intravenously dosed swine.

Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a recently identified mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme in corn, has been shown to cause death in swine due to pulmonary edema, an apparently species specific effect, and to interfere with sphingolipid metabolism in vitro. Here we characterize the toxicity of fumonisins, using female cross-bred swine weighing 6 to 13 kg, and present a hypothesis regarding the mechanism of fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema in swine. FB1 was given daily intravenously (IV) to pig 1 for 9 days for a total of 72 mg (7.

A rapid method for extraction of zearalenone and zeraralenols in fermented corn.

A rapid extraction method is described for isolation of zearalenone and α- and β-trans-zearalenols from laboratory fermented corn. Corn fermented withFusarium crookwellense at 25°C for 2 weeks was agitated for 5 minutes in acetone. The acetone extract was evaporated to dryness and the remaining residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column with hexane:ethyl acetate (8:2).

Differential cytotoxicity and mycotoxin content among isolates of Fusarium moniliforme.

Ten different isolates of the common corn fungus, Fusarium moniliforme, were cultured on corn, and the production by the isolates of two important mycotoxins, fusarin C and fumonisin B1, was compared. Additionally, both aqueous and organic extracts of the cultures were tested for cytotoxicity to rat primary hepatocytes by measuring the effects of three dose levels on the ability of the cells to take up valine and to cause the release of the cytoplasmic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase. The fungal isolates differed drastically in their ability to produce the two mycotoxins and in their cytotoxicity.

Mycotoxin formation by different geographic isolates of Fusarium crookwellense.

Eighteen Fusarium crookwellense isolates from the continents of Australia, Europe, and North America were compared for their ability to produce mycotoxins on corn at 25 degrees C after 2 weeks. Extracts from corn fermented with each Fusarium isolate were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GS/MS) for mycotoxins. Toxins detected were zearalenone (13 isolates), fusarin C (11 isolates), nivalenol (4 isolates), and diacetoxyscirpenol (2 isolates).

Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins B1, B2, and M1 in corn associated with equine death.

Corn from an Arkansas farm, where three horses died and others became sick, was investigated for causative principles. Necropsy of the three horses revealed what appeared to be severe hepatic necrosis. Histopathological examination indicated a pattern of hepatic lesions that was suggestive of aflatoxin contamination of the feed.

Production of a novel steroid sulfate metabolite [4,4,24-trimethylcholesta-8,14,24(28)-trien-2 alpha,3 beta,11 alpha,12 beta-tetrol 12-acetate, 3-sulfate] by Fusarium species and its biological activity.

A novel steroid sulfate, 4,4,24-trimethylcholesta-8,14-24(28)-trien-2 alpha,3 beta,11 alpha,12 beta- tetrol 12-acetate, 3-sulfate, was discovered in Fusarium spp. Forty Fusarium strains belonging to F. sporotrichioides, F.