The Parental Centromere Sizes Remain Unaltered in Allopolyploid Wheat-Rye Hybrids.

Introduction: In chromatin nucleosomes, the presence - instead of canonical histone H3 - of its variant, CENH3 (in plants), is considered the most reliable marker of the location of centromeres. In this study, we investigated the effects of distant hybridization and maternal cytoplasm on centromere size in allopolyploid hybrids between wheat and rye as compared to their parental forms.

Methods: Centromere sizes were measured using 2D images of CENH3 fluorescent signals on interphase nuclei obtained from parental forms and a triticale hybrid (genomic formula AABBBRR), in which the maternal form is wheat and secalotriticum hybrids (genomic formula RRAABBB) in which the maternal form is rye.

Genetic Redundancy in Rye Shows in a Variety of Ways.

Fifty years ago Susumu Ohno formulated the famous C-value paradox, which states that there is no correlation between the physical sizes of the genome, i.e., the amount of DNA, and the complexity of the organism, and highlighted the problem of genome redundancy.

The origin and evolution of a two-component system of paralogous genes encoding the centromeric histone CENH3 in cereals.

Background: The cereal family Poaceae is one of the largest and most diverse angiosperm families. The central component of centromere specification and function is the centromere-specific histone H3 (CENH3). Some cereal species (maize, rice) have one copy of the gene encoding this protein, while some (wheat, barley, rye) have two.

Expression of Two Rye CENH3 Variants and Their Loading into Centromeres.

Gene duplication and the preservation of both copies during evolution is an intriguing evolutionary phenomenon. Their preservation is related to the function they perform. The central component of centromere specification and function is the centromere-specific histone H3 (CENH3).

[Kinematic parameters of gait in patients with supra- or subtentorial focus location during the early rehabilitation period after ischemic stroke].

Objective: To study kinematic gait parameters during early rehabilitation period in patients with supra- or subtentorial ischemic stroke (IS).

Material And Methods: We examined 24 patients (11 women, 13 men, age 61.3±8.

Retrotransposons and the Evolution of Genome Size in .

Here we investigate the plant population genetics of retrotransposon insertion sites in pea to find out whether genetic drift and the neutral theory of molecular evolution can account for their abundance in the pea genome. (1) We asked whether two contrasting types of pea LTR-containing retrotransposons have the frequency and age distributions consistent with the behavior of neutral alleles and whether these parameters can explain the rate of change of genome size in legumes. (2) We used the recently assembled v1a pea genome sequence to obtain data on LTR-LTR divergence from which their age can be estimated.

[Age Dynamics of Telomere Length in Endemic Baikal Planarians].

Age-related changes in telomere length (TL) in somatic tissues are not limited only to shortening. It is known that many organisms show different TL dynamics. Such species specificity indicates the complexity of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of TL.

Cytogenetic and molecular characteristics of rye genome in octoploid triticale (× Wittmack).

Alloploidization resulting from remote (interspecific or intergeneric) hybridization is one of the main factors in plant evolution, leading to the formation of new species. Triticale (× Wittmack, 1889) is the first artificial species created by crossing wheat ( spp.) and rye ( Linnaeus, 1753) and has a great potential as a grain and forage crop.

[A relationship between the movement pattern and lesion location in the early rehabilitation period after ischemic stroke].

Unlabelled: To study the changes in movement pattern during the early rehabilitation period in patients after carotid/vertebro-basilar ischemic stroke.

Material And Methods: The authors studied 11 patients (6 women, 5 men, mean age 57.2±5.

Dynamics of the Centromeric Histone CENH3 Structure in Rye-Wheat Amphidiploids (Secalotriticum).

The centromeres perform integral control of the cell division process and proper distribution of chromosomes into daughter cells. The correct course of this process is often disrupted in case of remote hybridization, which is a stress factor. The combination of parental genomes of different species in a hybrid cell leads to a "genomic shock" followed by loss of genes, changes in gene expression, deletions, inversions, and translocations of chromosome regions.

Chromosomal assignment of centromere-specific histone CENH3 genes in rye ( L.) and their phylogeny.

Centromeres are essential for correct chromosome segregation during cell division and are determined by the presence of centromere-specific histone 3 (CENH3). Most of the diploid plant species, in which the structure and copy number of genes have been determined, have this gene as a singleton; however, some cereal species in the tribe Triticeae have been found to have CENH3 in two variants. In this work, using the set of the wheat-rye addition lines we wanted to establish the chromosomal assignment of the genes in the cultivated rye, (Linnaeus, 1753), in order to expand our knowledge about synteny conservation in the most important cereal species and about their chromosome evolution.

Conserved molecular structure of the centromeric histone CENH3 in Secale and its phylogenetic relationships.

It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the centromere-specific histone H3 (CENH3), a key component of the centromere, shows considerable variability between species within taxa. We determined the molecular structure and phylogenetic relationships of CENH3 in 11 Secale species and subspecies that possess distinct pollination systems and are adapted to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses. The rye (Secale cereale) genome encodes two paralogous CENH3 genes, which differ in intron-exon structure and are transcribed into two main forms of the protein, αCENH3 and βCENH3.

The first experience with a new technique of portal endoscopic discectomy for herniated cervical discs.

Unlabelled: Choosing the most appropriate tactics for surgical treatment of herniated cervical discs is a topical issue to be discussed. The idea of herniated disc removal using an endoscopic technique is not new. This is routine surgery for the lumbar spine.

Comparative analysis of different variants of the Uzawa algorithm in problems of the theory of elasticity for incompressible materials.

Different variants of the Uzawa algorithm are compared with one another. The comparison is performed for the case in which this algorithm is applied to large-scale systems of linear algebraic equations. These systems arise in the finite-element solution of the problems of elasticity theory for incompressible materials.

The expansion of heterochromatin blocks in rye reflects the co-amplification of tandem repeats and adjacent transposable elements.

Background: A prominent and distinctive feature of the rye (Secale cereale) chromosomes is the presence of massive blocks of subtelomeric heterochromatin, the size of which is correlated with the copy number of tandem arrays. The rapidity with which these regions have formed over the period of speciation remains unexplained.

Results: Using a BAC library created from the short arm telosome of rye chromosome 1R we uncovered numerous arrays of the pSc200 and pSc250 tandem repeat families which are concentrated in subtelomeric heterochromatin and identified the adjacent DNA sequences.

Evaluation of portable XRF instrumentation for assessing potential environmental exposure to toxic elements.

Portable instruments based on X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) have the potential to assist in field-based studies provided the data produced are reliable. In this study, we evaluate the performance of two different types of XRF instrument (XOS prototype, and Thermo Niton XL3t). These two XRF analyzers were evaluated in a laboratory setting, and data were reported for 17 elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn).

CHARACTERIZATION OF CENTROMERIC HISTONE H3 VARIANTS IN ALLOPOLYPLOIDS OF WHEAT AND RYE.

Chromosome elimination of one parental species in hybrid cell observed even after successful fertilization is one of a common phenomenon and the main problems of remote hybridization. Centromeres regulate the process of faithful segregation of chromosomes during cell division. Constant component of the centromeric chromatin is a specialized histone H3 modification (CENH3).

VARIABILITY OF CENTROMERIC HISTONE H3 VARIANTS AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN SECALE.

We examined nucleotide sequence variation in centromeric histone H3 (CENH3) in fifteen rye species and subspecies, including annuals, perennials, self-pollinating and cross-pollinated plants. Levels of genetic variation within N-terminal tail (NTT) and histone fold domain (HFD) were estimated as average per site pairwise nucleotide diversity (p) and as the number of segregating polymorphic sites (S). A comparison of nucleotide diversity (ptot) for NTT and HFD showed that estimates of diversity are consistently greater in NTT.

[MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF INFECTIOUS BALANOPOSTHITIS].

Treatment and prevention of diseases of the male reproductive organs largely influence male population fertility and the health of the future generations. This review summarizes current views on the problem of infectious balanoposthitis and presents generalized information on its pathogens. Refined classification and diagnostic workup are provided.

[Length and structure of telomeric DNA in three species of Baikal gastropods (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobioidea: Benedictiidae)].

The structure of telomeric repeat (TTAGGG)n was determined and the length of telomeric DNA (tDNA) was measured in three species of gastropods from the family Benedictiidae that are endemic to Lake Baikal. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmed the localization of a telomeric repeat at the chromosome ends. The sizes of tDNA in "giant" eurybathic, psammo-pelobiontic species Benedictia fragilis and shallow water litho-psammobiontic species B.

A comparative analysis of the effectiveness and potential of endoscopic and microsurgical resection of disc herniations in the lumbosacral spine.

The issue of advantage of endoscopic treatment of spinal disc herniations is debatable. Throughout the development, endoscopic technologies have been compared to microsurgical methods. The two-year experience of applying endoscopic methods was analyzed.

[Telomere length and phylogenetic relationship of Baikal and Siberian planarians (Turbellaria, Tricladida)].

Dynamics of the telomeric DNA (tDNA) and the phylogeny of the Baikal and Siberian planarians have been studied based on the analysis of the 18S rDNA and beta-actin gene fragments. A relationship between tDNA and the planarians size has been demonstrated. Giant planarians with a minor exception have longer tDNA than little planarians.

[Organization and evolution of the subtelomeric regions of the rye chromosomes].

Subtelomeric regions of chromosomes are particularly dynamic and variable parts in the evolution of the eukaryotic genomes. A specific feature of the rye (Secale) chromosomes is large heterochromatin blocks at the arms of all seven pairs of chromosomes. Within the genus Secale, an interspecific variation in the genome size reaches nearly 15% between Secale cereale (cultivated rye) and the ancient species S.

The roles of the monomer length and nucleotide context of plant tandem repeats in nucleosome positioning.

Similar to regularly spaced nucleosomes in chromatin, long tandem DNA arrays are composed of regularly alternating monomers that have almost identical primary DNA structures. Such a similarity in the structural organization makes these arrays especially interesting for studying the role of intrinsic DNA preferences in nucleosome positioning. We have studied the nucleosome formation potential of DNA tandem repeat families with different monomer lengths (ML).

Evaluation of a prototype point-of-care instrument based on monochromatic x-ray fluorescence spectrometry: potential for monitoring trace element status of subjects with neurodegenerative disease.

Assessment of trace elements such as Cu, Zn, and Se in patients with neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), may be useful in etiologic studies and in assessing the risk of developing these conditions. A prototype point-of-care (POC) instrument based on monochromatic x-ray fluorescence (M-XRF) was assembled and evaluated for the determination of Cu, Zn, and Se in whole blood, plasma, and urine. The prototype instrument was validated using certified reference materials for Cu and Zn in serum/plasma, and the reported bias and relative imprecision were <10%.