The cost of lower extremity fractures among active duty U.S. Army soldiers, 2017.

The estimated cost to the Army for lower extremity fractures in 2017 was approximately $116 million. Direct medical expenses totaled $24 million, and indirect medical costs totaled $92 million ($900 thousand lost duty; $91 million limited duty). Foot and toe fractures, along with lower leg and ankle fractures accounted for the majority of soldiers' initial visits for care (n=4,482; 91.

Comparison of injuries between US Army paratroopers and their non-paratrooper soldier counterparts.

Introduction: Military studies have investigated acute injuries associated with parachute jumps, but the literature does not address paratroopers' cumulative microtraumatic (CMT) injury risk, nor does it compare injury risks between paratroopers and the rest of the military population. This study determined whether US active duty Army paratroopers experienced greater injury risks than their non-paratrooper soldier counterparts and whether their injuries cost more to treat suggesting greater injury severity.

Methods: This retrospective study evaluated electronic medical records (2016-2018) for 31 621 paratroopers and a randomly selected comparison group of 170 715 non-paratrooper soldiers.

The Impacts of ICD-10-CM on U.S. Army Injury Surveillance.

Introduction: Injuries are the leading cause of medical encounters and lost work days in the U.S. Army, affecting more than half of active-duty soldiers annually.

Pectoralis major injuries in the military: a surveillance approach to reduce an underestimated problem.

Introduction: Multiple studies report increasing cases of surgically treated pectoralis major (PM) muscle and tendon ruptures in military populations. Studies associate this with a growing popularity of weight-training and bench press exercises. Mild-to-moderate non-surgical PM traumas and overuse injuries have not been included in these studies despite evidence that these types of outpatient injuries account for the majority of the military's injury medical burden.

Using causal energy categories to report the distribution of injuries in an active population: An approach used by the U.S. Army.

Objectives: To describe the etiologic distribution of all injuries among U.S. Army Active Duty soldiers by causal energy categories.

The Etiology of Injuries in US Army Initial Entry Training.

Background: US Army initial entry training (IET) trainees engage in intense physical activities for 10 or more weeks prior to their assignment to operational units. Many trainees succumb to injury during IET. Injuries to the lower extremities and back have historically been the most common, and thus have been the focus of routine health surveillance.

Musculoskeletal training injury prevention in the U.S. Army: Evolution of the science and the public health approach.

Injuries cause more morbidity among soldiers in the U.S. Army than any other health condition.

Impact of physical fitness and body composition on injury risk among active young adults: A study of Army trainees.

Objectives: To determine the combined effects of physical fitness and body composition on risk of training-related musculoskeletal injuries among Army trainees.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: Rosters of soldiers entering Army basic combat training (BCT) from 2010 to 2012 were linked with data from multiple sources for age, sex, physical fitness (heights, weights (mass), body mass index (BMI), 2 mile run times, push-ups), and medical injury diagnoses.

Risk factors for injury associated with low, moderate, and high mileage road marching in a U.S. Army infantry brigade.

Objectives: Road marching is an important physical training activity that prepares soldiers for a common occupational task. Continued exploration of risk factors for road marching-related injuries is needed. This analysis has assessed the association between modifiable characteristics of physical training and injury risk.

Fitness tests and occupational tasks of military interest: a systematic review of correlations.

: Physically demanding occupations (ie, military, firefighter, law enforcement) often use fitness tests for job selection or retention. Despite numerous individual studies, the relationship of these tests to job performance is not always clear. : This review examined the relationship by aggregating previously reported correlations between different fitness tests and common occupational tasks.

Identification of specific activities associated with fall-related injuries, active component, U.S. Army, 2011.

Although falls continue to be a leading mechanism of serious injuries among military populations, interventions must target activities or hazards that can be controlled or managed. This project aimed to identify activities most frequently associated with Army soldier fall-related injuries to prioritize prevention strategies for this substantial health burden. Narrative data from Army safety, medical evacuation, and casualty reporting systems were reviewed to select incidents meeting inclusion criteria and assign established codes.

Physical Training, Fitness, and Injuries: Lessons Learned From Military Studies.

Injuries are the leading cause of medical encounters across the U.S. military services resulting in more than 2.

Exposure levels for chemical threat compounds: information to facilitate chemical incident response.

Although not widely known, a robust set of peer-reviewed public health and occupational exposure levels presently exist for key chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and certain acutely toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) identified as terrorist attack threats. Familiarity with these CWA and TIC exposure levels and their historic applications has facilitated emergency management decision-making by public and environmental health decision-makers. Specifically, multiple air, soil, and water exposure levels for CWAs and TICs summarized here have been extensively peer-reviewed and published; many have been recognized and are in use by federal and state health agencies as criteria for hazard zone prediction and assessment, occupational safety, and "how clean is clean enough" decisions.

Decontamination and management of human remains following incidents of hazardous chemical release.

Objective: To provide specific guidance and resources for systematic and orderly decontamination of human remains resulting from a chemical terrorist attack or accidental chemical release.

Design: A detailed review and health-based decision criteria protocol is summarized. Protocol basis and logic are derived from analyses of compound-specific toxicological data and chemical/physical characteristics.

Respiratory health status of US Army personnel potentially exposed to smoke from 2003 Al-Mishraq Sulfur Plant fire.

Objective: To assess the impact of exposure to a 2003 sulfur plant fire on the health of deployed US Army personnel.

Methods: The authors identified a small firefighter group known to be at the fire source and a larger, more dispersed population. Self-reported health status and respiratory health outcomes for these two groups were reviewed compared with two unexposed groups.

Developing Health-Based Pre-Planning Clearance Goals for Airport Remediation Following a Chemical Terrorist Attack: Decision Criteria for Multipathway Exposure Routes.

In the event of a chemical terrorist attack on a transportation hub, post-event remediation and restoration activities necessary to attain unrestricted facility re-use and re-entry could require hours to multiple days. While timeframes are dependent on numerous variables, a primary controlling factor is the level of pre-planning and decision-making completed prior to chemical release. What follows is the second of a two-part analysis identifying key considerations, critical information and decision criteria to facilitate post-attack and post-decontamination consequence management activities.

Developing Health-Based Pre-Planning Clearance Goals for Airport Remediation Following Chemical Terrorist Attack: Introduction and Key Assessment Considerations.

In the event of a chemical terrorist attack on a transportation hub, post-event remediation and restoration activities necessary to attain unrestricted facility reuse and re-entry could require hours to multiple days. While restoration timeframes are dependent on numerous variables, a primary controlling factor is the level of pre-planning and decision-making completed prior to chemical terrorist release. What follows is the first of a two-part analysis identifying key considerations, critical information, and decision criteria to facilitate post-attack and post-decontamination consequence management activities.

Prioritizing industrial chemical hazards.

This article describes the approach used to develop a prioritized list of toxic and hazardous industrial chemical hazards considered to pose substantial risk to deployed troops and military operations. The U.S.

Assessing chemical exposures during military deployments.

Before the first Persian Gulf War, military chemical concerns were focused on life-threatening/performance-impairing effects from exposures to chemical warfare agents. Now, hazards of concern include both high and low levels of chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals in air, soil, and water. The types of health effects considered have expanded to include both immediate, acute effects (mild and severe), and delayed or chronic outcomes.