An appraisal of the frequency and severity of noninfectious manifestations in primary immunodeficiencies: A study of a national retrospective cohort of 1375 patients over 10 years.

Background: Noninfectious manifestations-allergy, autoimmunity/inflammation, lymphoproliferation, and malignancies-are known to exist in many primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) and to participate in prognosis.

Objective: To obtain a global view on their occurrence, we retrieved data from a retrospective cohort of 1375 patients included in the French National Reference Center for Primary Immune Deficiencies (CEREDIH) for whom we had a 10-year follow-up since inclusion in the registry.

Methods: These patients were followed for 10 years (2009-2018) by specialized centers in university hospitals.

Physicochemical and microbiological stability of azathioprine in InOrpha suspending agent studied under various conditions.

Azathioprine is an antineoplastic antimetabolite drug currently used as an immunosuppressive agent after organ transplantation and for several dysimmunitary diseases. The usual daily dose ranges from 1 to 5 mg/kg orally. Azathioprine is marketed in France under the trade name Imurel in tablet form for oral administration that contains either 25 mg or 50 mg of the active ingredient.

Cerebrospinal fluid tau cleaved by caspase-6 reflects brain levels and cognition in aging and Alzheimer disease.

Caspase-6 (Casp6) activation in the brain is implicated early in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). In view of the need for early AD diagnosis, brain Casp6 activity was investigated by measuring Tau cleaved by Casp6 (TauΔCasp6) protein in postmortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 7 non-cognitively impaired; 5 mild cognitively impaired; and 12 mild, moderate, and severe AD patients. Levels of TauΔCasp6 in CSF accurately reflected the levels of active Casp6 and TauΔCasp6 detected using immunohistochemistry in hippocampal sections from the same individuals.

Caspase-6 activity predicts lower episodic memory ability in aged individuals.

Caspase-6 (Casp6), a cysteinyl protease that induces axonal degeneration, is activated early in Alzheimer Disease (AD) brains. To determine whether Casp6 activation is responsible for early cognitive impairment, we investigated the abundance of Casp6 activity, paired helical filament-1 (PHF-1) phosphorylated Tau and amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) pathology by immunohistochemistry in the hippocampal formation of aged non-cognitively impaired (NCI) individuals. Casp6 activity was restricted to the entorhinal cortex (ERC) and CA1 regions of the hippocampus.

Distal pup cues evoke dopamine responses in hormonally primed rats in the absence of pup experience or ongoing maternal behavior.

During the early postpartum period or following estrogen/progesterone administration, pups elicit maternal behavior accompanied by a robust dopamine (DA) response in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) of female rats (Afonso et al., 2009). To determine whether DA responds to ostensibly "salient" stimuli in the absence of consummatory behaviors, we examined NAC shell DA responses during restricted (stimuli placed in a perforated box), and unrestricted access to pup and food stimuli.

Who, what, where, when (and maybe even why)? How the experience of sexual reward connects sexual desire, preference, and performance.

Although sexual behavior is controlled by hormonal and neurochemical actions in the brain, sexual experience induces a degree of plasticity that allows animals to form instrumental and Pavlovian associations that predict sexual outcomes, thereby directing the strength of sexual responding. This review describes how experience with sexual reward strengthens the development of sexual behavior and induces sexually-conditioned place and partner preferences in rats. In both male and female rats, early sexual experience with partners scented with a neutral or even noxious odor induces a preference for scented partners in subsequent choice tests.

Accumbal dopamine function in postpartum rats that were raised without their mothers.

Postpartum rats that had been previously raised in an artificial rearing (AR) apparatus, without their mothers or siblings during the preweaning period, show altered maternal responses towards their own offspring in adulthood. In mother-reared (MR) rats, nucleus accumbens (NAC) dopamine (DA) responses to pups evoke a robust sustained rise during the postpartum period and following treatment with estrogen/progesterone parturient-like hormones (Afonso et al., 2009).

Estrogen and the neural mediation of female-male mounting in the rat.

Sexually receptive females mount sexually sluggish males to entice them to copulate, and estrogen and male olfactory cues mediate this female-male mounting (FMM) in the rat. This study examined whether brain regions that concentrate steroid hormones and receive olfactory projections were important for the mediation of FMM. Fos induction was observed within the medial amygdala, medial preoptic area, and ventromedial hypothalamus of ovariectomized, hormone-primed rats that displayed FMM compared with rats that did not.

Amphetamine pretreatment facilitates appetitive sexual behaviors in the female rat.

Rationale: Intermittent treatment of rats with psychomotor stimulants induces behavioral sensitization to their motor-stimulating effects. This sensitization involves an increase in mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine release, and in male rats, facilitates sexual behavior.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of repeated injections of D-amphetamine on appetitive and consummatory sexual behaviors in female rats.

Hormones that increase maternal responsiveness affect accumbal dopaminergic responses to pup- and food-stimuli in the female rat.

The present study investigated hormonal mediation of maternal behavior and accumbal dopamine (DA) responses to pup-stimuli, as measured in microdialysis samples collected from the nucleus accumbens shell of female rats in non-homecage environment. In Experiment 1, samples were collected before and after continuous homecage pup experience from either intact postpartum or cycling females. In Experiment 2, samples were collected before and after responding maternally in homecage from ovariectomized females given either parturient-like hormone or sham treatments.

Previous maternal experience affects accumbal dopaminergic responses to pup-stimuli.

The present study investigated the release of dopamine from the nucleus accumbens (shell) in response to pup-stimuli in the absence of lactation and maternal behaviors at time of sample collection. Subjects were female rats given maternal experiences through prior parturitions, recent pup-induced sensitization, or a combination of both. Nulliparous (N) or multiparous (M, had 2 prior litters but cycling) female rats either received pup-sensitization (S+) until they responded maternally in their homecage or no pup-sensitization (S-), thus, there were four groups: NS- (n=5), NS+ (n=6), MS- (n=5), and MS+ (n=8).

Medial prefrontal cortex lesions in the female rat affect sexual and maternal behavior and their sequential organization.

Temporal sequences of sexual and maternal behaviors in female rats and their correlation with each other and with performance on a sensory-motor gating response inhibition task assessed by prepulse inhibition (PPI) were investigated following medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) lesions. Following excitotoxic mPFC (n = 10) or sham (n = 9) lesions, sexual behaviors across the ovarian cycle were scored. After mating and parturition, maternal interactions were scored until pups reached postnatal Day 10.

Inhibition of platelet-activating factor receptors in hippocampal plasma membranes attenuates the inflammatory nociceptive response in rats.

Evidence suggests that platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a mediator in inflammatory-based pain. Using the biphasic formalin model in rats, we recently demonstrated that PAF antagonists which were selective for either intracellular or plasma membrane PAF receptors decreased the late-phase of the nociceptive response. Inasmuch as both of the PAF antagonists previously used were administered systemically, and reportedly are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, the anatomic locations at which PAF affects pain processing remained to be elucidated.

Sensory mediation of female-male mounting in the rat: II. Role of tactile and conspecific cues.

Although previous research has shown that olfactory cues mediate female-male mounting (FMM) in the rat, the role of other sensory modalities on FMM has not been investigated. The present study examined the display of female mounting of castrated male rats in bilevel chambers following different tactile or locomotor activity manipulations. Female rats (N = 40) were ovariectomized (OVX), primed with estrogen (E) and progesterone (P), and given either vaginocervical stimulation (VCS), flank/perineum stimulation (FPS), combined VCS and FPS, or general handling, immediately before each test with a castrated male rat for five trials.

Sensory mediation of female-male mounting in the rat: I. Role of olfactory cues.

Previous research has shown that olfactory cues mediate the mounting of female rats by male or other female rats. The present study examined whether olfactory cues might mediate the mounting of castrated, sexually inactive male rats by sexually receptive female rats (female-male mounting, or FMM). The effects of olfactory impairment, created by either olfactory bulbectomy (OBx) or olfactory occlusion (OOc), on FMM were investigated.

Hormonal and experiential control of female-male mounting in the female rat.

Mounting behavior in the female rat has been studied extensively in same-sex interactions, but not in the heterosexual dyad. The present study examined the display of female mounting of castrated noncopulating male rats (FMM). Ovariectomized (OVX) sexually naive female rats (N = 80) were given either estrogen (E) + progesterone (P), E + oil (O), P + O, or O + O treatment for five tests with castrated male rats.

Relationship between wheel running, feeding, drinking, and body weight in male rats.

The amount of wheel running varies widely between rats. Wheel introduction and running also have profound effects on the animal's energy balance. We explored the effects of ad lib wheel access and running levels on feeding, drinking, and body weight in 30 young adult male rats with wheel access and in 30 rats without wheel access.