Wishful perceiving: A value-based bias for perception of close others.

Why do people not perceive their close others accurately, although they have ample information about them? We propose that one reason for such errors may be bias based on personal values. Personal values may serve as schemas defining what people see as positive, and thus affect perceptions of others' behavior, values, and traits. We propose that, in close relationships, people see others as sharing their own values.

Measuring single constructs by single items: Constructing an even shorter version of the "Short Five" personality inventory.

The aim of this study was to construct a short, 30-item personality questionnaire that would be, in terms of content and meaning of the scores, as comparable as possible with longer, well-established inventories such as NEO PI-R and its clones. To do this, we shortened the formerly constructed 60-item "Short Five" (S5) by half so that each subscale would be represented by a single item. We compared all possibilities of selecting 30 items (preserving balanced keying within each domain of the five-factor model) in terms of correlations with well-established scales, self-peer correlations, and clarity of meaning, and selected an optimal combination for each domain.

Accuracy, consensus, in-group bias, and cultural frame shifting in the context of national character stereotypes.

We examined Finns' and bilingual Swedish-Finns' stereotypes regarding personality differences between Finns and Swedish-Finns and compared them with their respective self-ratings. Stereotype ratings by both groups converged on depicting Swedish-Finns as having a more desirable personality. In-group bias also influenced stereotypes.

Compromised peak bone mass in patients with inflammatory bowel disease--a prospective study.

Objective: To evaluate peak bone mass attainment in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease and to identify risk factors for suboptimal bone mass attainment.

Study Design: We conducted a prospective follow-up study of 47 children and adolescents (24 males) with ulcerative colitis (n = 30) or Crohn's disease (n = 17). They were assessed for lumbar spine areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and for height-adjusted whole body less head bone mineral content (BMC); the values were corrected for bone age.

Personal values and political activism: a cross-national study.

Using data from 28 countries in four continents, the present research addresses the question of how basic values may account for political activism. Study 1 (N = 35,116) analyses data from representative samples in 20 countries that responded to the 21-item version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21) in the European Social Survey. Study 2 (N = 7,773) analyses data from adult samples in six of the same countries (Finland, Germany, Greece, Israel, Poland, and United Kingdom) and eight other countries (Australia, Brazil, Chile, Italy, Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraine, and United States) that completed the full 40-item PVQ.

Persons, situations, and behaviors: consistency and variability of different behaviors in four interpersonal situations.

Understanding how persons, situations, and behaviors contribute to behavioral consistency is a central goal for the science of behavior. The present study focused on dyadic social situations that were created by professional actors who enacted 4 social roles derived from interpersonal theory: dominant, submissive, agreeable, and quarrelsome. A total of 128 behavioral episodes from 32 target participants who each interacted for 5 min with 4 same-sex actors were videotaped.

Refining the theory of basic individual values.

We propose a refined theory of basic individual values intended to provide greater heuristic and explanatory power than the original theory of 10 values (Schwartz, 1992). The refined theory more accurately expresses the central assumption of the original theory that research has largely ignored: Values form a circular motivational continuum. The theory defines and orders 19 values on the continuum based on their compatible and conflicting motivations, expression of self-protection versus growth, and personal versus social focus.

Impaired bone health in inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study in 80 pediatric patients.

Previous studies have indicated that children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may not achieve optimal bone mass. We evaluated the skeletal characteristics in children and adolescents with IBD. This cross-sectional cohort study comprised 80 IBD patients (median age 14.

Personality disorder categories as combinations of dimensions: translating cooperative behavior in borderline personality disorder into the five-factor framework.

The authors examined the proposal that personality disorder categories may denote particular detrimental combinations of personality dimensions. A multiround economic exchange game (ten round trust game), conducted with university students pre-selected on basis of their personalities (N = 164), provided a framework within which to investigate inability to repair ruptured cooperation. This behavior, thought to be characteristic of patients diagnosed with DSM-IV borderline personality disorder, was predicted only by the combination of high Neuroticism and low Agreeableness.

Orofacial granulomatosis in children--a challenge for diagnosis and treatment.

The data on orofacial granulomatosis, OFG, in children are sparse. We describe here 8 pediatric patients presenting with OFG, 2 of these cases associating with Crohn's disease. Therapeutic agents included systemic immunosuppressants such as glucocorticoids, methotrexate, anti-TNF-alpha agent, dapsone, antibiotics (metronidazole), and local treatment with topical tacrolimus or intralesional injections of triamcinolone hexacetonide.

[Update on current care guidelines: appropriate treatment of medical problems associated with Down's syndrome].

The lifetime prognosis of people with Down's syndrome has improved. Development of the services that health care and society can offer to such people is ongoing. These guidelines are targeted at defining what is required to further increase the lifespan and quality-of-life of people with Down's syndrome.

Clinics of coeliac disease in children in the 2000s.

Objective: To describe the clinical picture of patients with coeliac disease (CD) and the change in its presentation over the past decades.

Study Design: Patients with CD were identified and clinical data collected from hospital records over a 6-year period (2000-2005).

Results: Altogether 197 patients aged 0.

The attractive female body weight and female body dissatisfaction in 26 countries across 10 world regions: results of the international body project I.

This study reports results from the first International Body Project (IBP-I), which surveyed 7,434 individuals in 10 major world regions about body weight ideals and body dissatisfaction. Participants completed the female Contour Drawing Figure Rating Scale (CDFRS) and self-reported their exposure to Western and local media. Results indicated there were significant cross-regional differences in the ideal female figure and body dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small across high-socioeconomic-status (SES) sites.

Premorbid personality factors in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: results from a large cohort study of male conscripts.

The present study explored the premorbid personality traits Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Disinhibition in individuals later diagnosed with psychotic disorders. Results on personality questionnaires and intellectual performance tests were obtained for 213,443 apparently healthy male subjects (mean age: 20.1 years) conscripted into the Finnish Defence Forces during the period 1982-1987.

High neuroticism at age 20 predicts history of mental disorders and low self-esteem at age 35.

The authors assessed whether neuroticism in emerging adulthood predicts mental disorders and self-esteem in early adulthood after controlling for possible confounding variables. A sample of 69 male military conscripts was initially assessed at age 20 and again as civilians at age 35. The initial assessment included a psychiatric interview, objective indicators of conscript competence, an intellectual performance test, and neuroticism questionnaires.

The moderating effect of conformism values on the relations between other personal values, social norms, moral obligation, and single altruistic behaviours.

Three studies predicted and found that the individual's conformism values are one determinant of whether behaviour is guided by other personal values or by social norms. In Study 1 (N=50), pro-gay law reform participants were told they were either in a minority or a majority in terms of their attitude towards the law reform. Only participants who were high in conformism values conformed to the group norm on public behaviour intentions.

Depressive symptoms and serum lipid fractions in middle-aged men: physiologic and health behavior links.

Objective: To investigate alternative hypothetical models that could clarify the relationship between depressive symptoms and serum cholesterol fractions, i.e., high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

Bone turnover and metabolism in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with systemic glucocorticoids.

Objective: We investigated circulating markers of bone turnover before and during systemic glucocorticoid treatment in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Methods: Twenty-two children (mean age, 12.3 years) with IBD necessitating peroral steroid therapy were studied, with special reference to bone formation and resorption markers amino-terminal type I collagen propeptide (PINP) and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) respectively.

Circulating glucocorticoid bioactivity during peroral glucocorticoid treatment in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease.

Goals: Our objective was to investigate the changes in circulating glucocorticoid bioactivity (GBA) at the onset of systemic glucocorticoid therapy in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Study: Prednisolone (1 mg/kg/d) or budesonide (9 mg/d) was introduced as a single daily dose, and the patients (n=22) were subsequently followed up at 2 to 4 week intervals. The limit for a raised value of serum GBA was defined in pediatric patients (mean+2 SD; 118 nM cortisol equivalents; n=142).

Infiltration of forkhead box P3-expressing cells in small intestinal mucosa in coeliac disease but not in type 1 diabetes.

Because the role of regulatory T cells in the intestinal inflammation is unknown in coeliac disease (CD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D), the expression of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3), CD25, transforming growth factor-beta, interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15 and IL-18 was measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the small intestinal biopsies from paediatric patients with active or potential CD, T1D and control patients. The numbers of FoxP3- and CD25-expressing cells were studied with immunohistochemistry. Enhanced intestinal expressions of FoxP3, IL-10 and IFN-gamma mRNAs were found in active CD when compared with controls (P-values < 0.

Substance and style in socially desirable responding.

The purpose of the present series of studies was to evaluate whether Paulhus's (1991) Self-Deceptive Enhancement (SDE) and Communion Management (CM) socially desirable responding (SDR) scales should be interpreted as response set measures, response style measures, or measures of substantive individual differences in personality. In Study 1 (N=57) and Study 2 (N=62), army officer trainees were tested as applicants to their program and retested as incumbents 3 years later. Although participants generally responded to the situation by showing higher SDR scores in the applicant conditions, they also showed considerable rank-order stability across time.

Conformism moderates the relations between values, anticipated regret, and behavior.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the moderating effect of Conformism values on the relations between other values and behavior. The authors expected people low, but not high, in Conformism to behave in a manner that is consistent with their personal values related to self-transcendence versus self-enhancement. In Study 1 (N = 199), such values predicted actual altruistic behavior, as estimated by other-reports, but only if Conformism values were low.

Undiagnosed silent coeliac disease: a risk for underachievement?

Objective: Silent coeliac disease is reported in 1% of Caucasian populations, but there is a lack of knowledge of its natural course and the risk of complications. The need for population screening is debated. We sought for complications of untreated coeliac disease in a well-defined cohort of Finnish adults.