Incidence of Alzheimer's disease in India: a 10 years follow-up study.

Objective: To determine overall and age-specific incidence rates of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a southern Indian province, Kerala.

Materials And Methods: A 10-year (2001-2011) prospective epidemiologic study of community residing subjects aged ≥55 years at enrollment. The catchment area included four urban and semi-urban regions of Trivandrum city in Kerala, India, was selected to provide a range of demographic and socioeconomic representation.

Alzheimer's Association recommendations for operationalizing the detection of cognitive impairment during the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit in a primary care setting.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act added a new Medicare benefit, the Annual Wellness Visit (AWV), effective January 1, 2011. The AWV requires an assessment to detect cognitive impairment. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) elected not to recommend a specific assessment tool because there is no single, universally accepted screen that satisfies all needs in the detection of cognitive impairment.

Independent domains of gait in older adults and associated motor and nonmotor attributes: validation of a factor analysis approach.

Background: Gait is an important predictor of survival in older adults. Gait characteristics help to identify markers of incipient pathology, inform diagnostic algorithms and disease progression, and measure efficacy of interventions. However, there is no clear framework to guide selection of gait characteristics.

Gait and cognition: a complementary approach to understanding brain function and the risk of falling.

Until recently, clinicians and researchers have performed gait assessments and cognitive assessments separately when evaluating older adults, but increasing evidence from clinical practice, epidemiological studies, and clinical trials shows that gait and cognition are interrelated in older adults. Quantifiable alterations in gait in older adults are associated with falls, dementia, and disability. At the same time, emerging evidence indicates that early disturbances in cognitive processes such as attention, executive function, and working memory are associated with slower gait and gait instability during single- and dual-task testing and that these cognitive disturbances assist in the prediction of future mobility loss, falls, and progression to dementia.

The protective effects of executive functions and episodic memory on gait speed decline in aging defined in the context of cognitive reserve.

Objectives: To evaluate whether levels of cognitive reserve (CR), as measured using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)-III vocabulary test, moderated longitudinal associations between cognitive functions and decline in gait speed in a community-based cohort of older adults without dementia, specifically, whether the protective effect of executive function (EF) and episodic memory against decline in gait speed would be greater in individuals with higher CR.

Design: Longitudinal (median number of repeated annual gait speed measures, 3; maximum number of visits, 7).

Setting: General community.

Picture-based memory impairment screen for dementia.

Objectives: To develop and validate a picture-based memory impairment screen (PMIS) for the detection of dementia.

Design: Cross-sectional.

Setting: Outpatient clinics, Baby Memorial Hospital, Kozhikode city in the southern Indian state of Kerala.

Mobility stress test approach to predicting frailty, disability, and mortality in high-functioning older adults.

Objectives: To examine the validity of the Walking While Talking Test (WWT), a mobility stress test, to predict frailty, disability, and death in high-functioning older adults.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Community sample.

Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and the risk of dementia.

Background: Despite growing evidence of links between gait and cognition in aging, cognitive risk assessments that incorporate motoric signs have not been examined. We sought to validate a new Motoric Cognitive Risk (MCR) syndrome to identify individuals at high risk of developing dementia.

Methods: We evaluated 997 community residing individuals aged 70 and older participating in the Einstein Aging Study over a median follow-up time of 36.

The effect of multisensory cues on attention in aging.

The attention network test (ANT) assesses the effect of alerting and orienting cues on a visual flanker task measuring executive attention. Previous findings revealed that older adults demonstrate greater reaction times (RT) benefits when provided with visual orienting cues that offer both spatial and temporal information of an ensuing target. Given the overlap of neural substrates and networks involved in multisensory processing and cueing (i.

Clinically meaningful change in stair negotiation performance in older adults.

Stair negotiation is a key marker for independence among older adults; however, clinically meaningful change has not been established. Our objective was to establish the values of clinically meaningful change in stair negotiation time using distribution- and anchor-based approaches. Study participants were 371 community residing older adults (age≥70) in the Einstein Aging Study with time to ascend and descend 3 steps measured at baseline and at one-year follow-up.

Biology of the heat shock response and protein chaperones: budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a model system.

The eukaryotic heat shock response is an ancient and highly conserved transcriptional program that results in the immediate synthesis of a battery of cytoprotective genes in the presence of thermal and other environmental stresses. Many of these genes encode molecular chaperones, powerful protein remodelers with the capacity to shield, fold, or unfold substrates in a context-dependent manner. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae continues to be an invaluable model for driving the discovery of regulatory features of this fundamental stress response.

A lysine-rich region within fungal BAG domain-containing proteins mediates a novel association with ribosomes.

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a highly conserved molecular chaperone that assists in the folding of nascent chains and the repair of unfolded proteins through iterative cycles of ATP binding, hydrolysis, and nucleotide exchange tightly coupled to polypeptide binding and release. Cochaperones, including nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs), modulate the rate of ADP/ATP exchange and serve to recruit Hsp70 to distinct processes or locations. Among three nonrelated cytosolic NEFs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Bag-1 homolog SNL1 is unique in being tethered to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane.

Racial differences in gait velocity in an urban elderly cohort.

Objectives: To investigate whether there are racial differences in gait velocity in elderly adults.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis.

Setting: Bronx, New York.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and mobility disability in older adults.

Objective: to determine the association of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HsCRP) levels with a risk of mobility disability and decline in older adults with and without vascular disease.

Design: prospective cohort.

Setting: community-residing population.

The relationship between attention and gait in aging: facts and fallacies.

The current study critically assessed the relationship between cognitive functions and gait in nondemented older adults. Quantitative measures of gait (velocity, cadence, and a coefficient of variance in stride length) were assessed in single and dual-task conditions. Three cognitive factors captured the domains of Executive Attention, Verbal IQ, and Memory.

Arachnoid cyst associated with painful tic convulsif.

Combined clinical presentation of hemifacial spasm and ipsilateral trigeminal neuralgia is known as painful tic convulsif (PTC). It is a rare condition and the most common cause is vascular compression. We report an arachnoid cyst of the posterior fossa that caused PTC in a 50-year-old woman.

Visceral fat assessment in over nourished children by ultrasonography and its relation to anthropometry.

Objective: To measure visceral fat (VF) in over nourished children (6-15 y) by ultrasonography (USG) and to find relation between anthropometric measurements (AM) and VF in these children. This case series included 113 children of 6-15 y with Body Mass Index (BMI) >85th centile who attended the nutrition clinic of a tertiary care centre in rural Kerala from January 2009 through June 2010.

Methods: After recording the base line demographic parameters and anthropometric measurements, VF was assessed by USG.

Age-specific and sex-specific prevalence and incidence of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer dementia in blacks and whites: a report from the Einstein Aging Study.

As the population ages, the need to characterize rates of cognitive impairment and dementia within demographic groups defined by age, sex, and race becomes increasingly important. There are limited data available on the prevalence and incidence of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI) from population-based studies. The Einstein Aging Study, a systematically recruited community-based cohort of 1944 adults aged 70 or older (1168 dementia free at baseline; mean age, 78.

Stair negotiation time in community-dwelling older adults: normative values and association with functional decline.

Objectives: To establish reference values for stair ascent and descent times in community-dwelling, ambulatory older adults, and to examine their predictive validity for functional decline.

Design: Longitudinal cohort study. Mean follow-up time was 1.

Effect of treadmill training on specific gait parameters in older adults with frailty: case series.

Background And Purpose: Treadmill-walking training (TWT) as an intervention to improve the gait of frail older adults has not been well studied. In this pilot study, we describe the feasibility, tolerance, and effect of TWT on specific gait parameters during overground walking in 4 frail older adults as a prelude to developing larger-scale exercise intervention trials in this high-risk population.

Case Description: Four community-residing frail older individuals (age > 70 years) with Mini-Mental State Examination score of 26 or higher and no activity limitations.