Clinical techniques in veterinary dermatology Regional anaesthesia of the canine and feline nose.

Local anaesthesia techniques are now essential parts of the multimodal analgesic approach applied in the care of small animals. The sensory innervation of the nose is provided by the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve, so nasal pain can be prevented or alleviated by blocking branches of this nerve. Maxillary or infraorbital nerve block can be used if invasive procedures are performed on the nose of the canine and feline patients.

Optimising endotracheal length in adult cats: a retrospective CT study.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the maximal endotracheal insertion length by measuring the larynx to carina (L-C) distance by means of CT. An additional objective was to establish certain anatomical landmarks to optimise the process of endotracheal intubation (ETI).

Methods: Head, neck and thoracic CT images from adult cats at a single referral hospital between 2013 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated.

Evaluation of corneal anaesthesia after the application of topical 0.5% bupivacaine, 2% lidocaine and 0.4% oxybuprocaine in normal horses.

Objective: To compare the corneal anaesthetic effect of 0.5% bupivacaine, 2% lidocaine and 0.4% oxybuprocaine on normal equine eyes.

Effects of Intravenous Flunixin Meglumine, Phenylbutazone, and Acupuncture on Ocular Pain Scores in the Horse: A Pilot Study.

In this controlled, blinded, randomized block pilot study, the main objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous flunixin meglumine, phenylbutazone, and acupuncture on ocular pain relief using a multifactorial pain scale in the horse. Four experimental horses underwent corneal epithelial debridement in four sessions, when a randomly selected treatment or a control was used. All horses were pain scored before corneal wounding, then at 18 time points, when 11 parameters were allocated.

Analysis of teaching methods in anaesthesia in the undergraduate curriculum of four veterinary universities.

Objective: To design a holistic audit tool to assess the effectiveness of anaesthesia teaching strategies, and thereby to study veterinary undergraduate teaching methods in different geographical areas.

Study Design: Qualitative study using interviews of university staff and students to identify common themes and differences in teaching veterinary anaesthesia.

Methods: An audit was performed using an audit tool in four veterinary universities (École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, France; Royal Veterinary College, UK; University of Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Alma mater studiorum - Università di Bologna, Italy).

Quantitative sensory testing of the equine face.

Background: Quantitative sensory testing methods are now standard in the evaluation of sensory function in man, while few normal equine values have been reported.

Objectives: The aim of this experimental study was (a) to define the tactile sensory, mechanical nociceptive and thermal nociceptive thresholds of the equine face; (b) to assess the effect of age, sex, stimulation site and shaving; (c) to evaluate the reliability of the methods and (d) to provide reference facial quantitative sensory testing values.

Study Design: Method description.

Anaesthetic management and complications of canine adrenalectomies: 41 cases (2007-2017).

Little information is available about the management of adrenalectomies in veterinary anaesthesia. The aim of this study was to describe the anaesthetic techniques, the complication rate and outcome of these cases. Data were collected retrospectively from patients' records.

A comparison of the effect of propofol and alfaxalone on laryngeal motion in nonbrachycephalic and brachycephalic dogs.

Objective: To compare the effect of propofol and alfaxalone on laryngeal motion under a light plane of anaesthesia in nonbrachycephalic and brachycephalic dogs anaesthetized for nonemergency procedures.

Study Design: Prospective, randomized clinical trial.

Animals: A total of 48 client-owned dogs (24 nonbrachycephalic and 24 brachycephalic).

A pilot study of the effects of acupuncture treatment on objective and subjective gait parameters in horses.

Objectives: To investigate whether acupuncture can alter gait in horses as assessed by objective and subjective parameters.

Study Design: Prospective, randomized, singleblinded, crossover study.

Animals: Eight adult horses.

Assessment of the wind-up phenomenon in the equine nociceptive trigeminal system.

Repeated sub-threshold nociceptive electrical stimulation resulting in temporal summation of the limb nociceptive withdrawal reflex is a well-established non-invasive model to investigate the wind-up phenomenon in horses. Due to structural similarities of the trigeminal sensory nucleus to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, temporal summation should be evoked by repeated transcutaneous electrical stimulation of trigeminal afferents. To evaluate this hypothesis repeated transcutaneous electrical stimulation was applied to the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves of 10 horses.

Evaluation of peri-operative epidural analgesia with ropivacaine, ropivacaine and sufentanil, and ropivacaine, sufentanil and epinephrine in isoflurane anesthetized dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy.

The purpose of this study was to compare four epidural protocols for peri-operative analgesia in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. Forty client-owned dogs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments - groups R0.5 and R1 received 0.

Pancuronium dose refinement in experimental pigs used in cardiovascular research.

Objective: To quantify the dose of pancuronium required to obtain moderate neuromuscular blockade as monitored by acceleromyography (NMB(mod) : train-of-four count of ≤2) as a part of a balanced anaesthetic protocol in pigs used in cardiovascular research.

Study Design: Prospective cross-sectional study.

Animals: Five pigs (median body weight: 60 (range 60-63) kg).

Pulmonary edema at recovery after colic operation with in-situ nasogastric tube in a horse.

After an uneventful general anesthesia, in a horse negative pressure pulmonary edema developed due to acute upper airway obstruction during the anesthetic recovery phase after colic surgery. No pathologic alteration of respiration was observed until the horse stood up and began suffocating. The horse had recovered with the nasogastric tube in situ.

Nociceptive trigeminal reflexes in non-sedated horses.

Electrically induced reflexes can be used to investigate the physiology and pathophysiology of the trigeminal system in humans. Similarly, the assessment of the trigemino-cervical (TCR) and blink reflexes (BR) may provide a new diagnostic tool in horses. The aim of this study was to evoke nociceptive trigeminal reflexes and describe the electrophysiological characteristics in non-sedated horses.