Analyses of HH and GHK equations with another perspective: Can ion adsorption also govern trans-membrane potential?

Two mathematically distinct physiological concepts, the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz eq. (GHK eq.) and the Hodgkin-Huxley model (HH model) were successfully associated with each other in a prior work.

Reversibility of excitation waves in brain and heart and the energy of interfacial water. Can reversibility be explained by it?

In this manuscript, we interpret the implications of a discovery we made in 1993 for the understanding of the spread of excitation waves in axon, central gray matter (isolated retina) and heart. We propose that the initial burst of energy dissipation in these waves measured as potentials drops, ionic activities marked changes or optical properties being mostly the effect of dissociated water becoming liquid water and be reversible due to the further on dissociation during the refractory period. We also propose experiments in order to falsify or agree with this conjecture.

GHK eq. and HH eq. for a real system is mathematically associable to each other but their physiological interpretation needs a reconsideration.

Despite the long and broad acceptance of the Goldman - Hodgkin - Katz equation (GHK eq.) and the Hodgkin - Huxley equation (HH eq.) as strong tools for the quantitative analysis of the membrane potential behavior, for a long time they have been utilized as separate concepts.

Extracellular matrix and its role in conveying glial/neural interactions in health and disease.

We review the concepts and findings that may be related to the occurrence of non-linear glial/neural dynamics involving interactions between polyelectrolytes of the extracellular matrix and the basement membranes that cover the endfeet of glia at CNS interfaces. Distortions of perception and blocking of learning expressed in functional syndromes are interpreted as macroscopic electrochemical patterns that emerge in grey matter through glial/neural interactions.

The Plastic Glial-Synaptic Dynamics within the Neuropil: A Self-Organizing System Composed of Polyelectrolytes in Phase Transition.

Several explanations have been proposed to account for the mechanisms of neuroglial interactions involved in neural plasticity. We review experimental results addressing plastic nonlinear interactions between glial membranes and synaptic terminals. These results indicate the necessity of elaborating on a model based on the dynamics of hydroionic waves within the neuropil.

Membrane-modifying properties of crotamine, a small peptide-toxin from Crotalus durissus terifficus venom.

Background: Crotamine is a small, highly basic myotoxin from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terifficus. It is structurally well defined and exhibits some similarities with the β-defensins of vertebrates. An amazing variety of functions and targets that range from analgesia and tumor-related activity to cell penetration have been associated with crotamine.

The kinetics of non-synaptically triggered acute excitotoxic responses in the central nervous system observed using intrinsic optical signals.

Background And Purpose: Excitotoxic central nervous system (CNS) response is believed to be important in the pathophysiology of irreversible sequelae of anoxia and brain trauma. Furthermore, the sodium pump has been associated with functional CNS syndromes such as migraine and epilepsy. Thus, a detailed description of the kinetics of excitotoxic responses elicited by glutamatergic pathway activation and sodium pump blockade can be useful in pre-clinical research.

Central nervous tissue: an excitable medium. a study using the retinal spreading depression as a tool.

According to its physicochemical properties, neuronal tissue, including the central nervous system (CNS) and thus the human brain, is an excitable medium, which consequently exhibits, among other things, self-organization, pattern formation and propagating waves. Furthermore, such systems can be controlled by weak external forces. The spreading depression (SD), a propagating wave of excitation-depression, is such an event, which is additionally linked to a variety of medically important situations, classical migraine being just one example.

Development of one experimental module to study the modulation of the propagation velocity of chemical excitation waves in gel by weak external force (gravity).

Biological and chemical systems in which the pattern of flow of energy and matter imposes self-organization can be seen as examples of excitable media. One property of such media is the presence of excitation waves. The Belouzov-Zabotinsky(B-Z) reaction system and the retinal spreading depression wave are examples of experimental models of excitable media in which the influence of gravity can be studied.