Energy-Efficient Clustering and Routing Using ASFO and a Cross-Layer-Based Expedient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks.

Today's critical goals in sensor network research are extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and lowering power consumption. A WSN necessitates the use of energy-efficient communication networks. Clustering, storage, communication capacity, high configuration complexity, low communication speed, and limited computation are also some of the energy limitations of WSNs.