Non-RBD peptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein exhibit immunodominance as they elicit both innate and adaptive immune responses.

Severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 as a new virus and caused worldwide outbreaks, quickly turning into a pandemic disease called coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). All the existing methodologies were used for developing vaccines for this virus. But sporadic infections of this virus and the emergence of new strains to date suggest the incomplete protection offered by the developed vaccines and the need for new research.

Analysis of Cleavage Activity of Dengue Virus Protease by Co-transfections.

The genome of the dengue virus codes for a single polypeptide that yields three structural and seven non-structural (NS) proteins upon post-translational modifications. Among them, NS protein-3 (NS3) possesses protease activity, involved in the processing of the self-polypeptide and in the cleavage of host proteins. Identification and analysis of such host proteins as substrates of this protease facilitate the development of specific drugs.

Protocol for simultaneous detection of dual subcellular localized dengue virus protease by co-transfection.

It is difficult to track virus-coded proteins simultaneously if they localize to multiple subcellular organelles. Here, we present a protocol for the simultaneous detection of dual subcellular localized dengue virus protease by co-transfection. We describe steps for cell seeding, co-transfection with mitochondria targeted red fluorescent protein, cell fixation, permeabilization, and staining of transfected cells with Hoechst stain.

Corrigendum: Development of sandwich dot-ELISA for specific detection of Ochratoxin A and its application on to contaminated cereal grains originating from India.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.

Differential localization of dengue virus protease affects cell homeostasis and triggers to thrombocytopenia.

Thrombocytopenia is one of the symptoms of many virus infections which is the "hallmark" in the case of dengue virus. In this study, we show the differential localization of existing two forms of dengue virus protease, i.e.

Association of Dengue Virus Serotypes 1&2 with Severe Dengue Having Deletions in Their 3'Untranslated Regions (3'UTRs).

Dengue virus infections are recorded as hyper-endemic in many countries, including India. Research pertaining to the reasons for frequent outbreaks and severe dengue is ongoing. Hyderabad city, India, has been recorded as a 'hotspot' for dengue virus infections.

Respiratory illness virus infections with special emphasis on COVID-19.

Viruses that emerge pose challenges for treatment options as their uniqueness would not know completely. Hence, many viruses are causing high morbidity and mortality for a long time. Despite large diversity, viruses share common characteristics for infection.

Mitochondrial Import of Dengue Virus NS3 Protease and Cleavage of GrpEL1, a Cochaperone of Mitochondrial Hsp70.

Dengue virus infections, which have been reported in nearly 140 countries, pose a significant threat to human health. The genome of dengue virus encodes three structural and seven nonstructural (NS) proteins along with two untranslated regions, one each on both ends. Among them, dengue protease (NS3) plays a pivotal role in polyprotein processing and virus multiplication.

A novel anti-NS2BNS3pro antibody-based indirect ELISA test for the diagnosis of dengue virus infections.

Dengue virus reportedly circulates as four genetically distinct serotypes for which there is no widely accepted vaccine or drug at present. Morbidity and mortality caused by this virus are alarming for the possible increased threat to human health. A suitable diagnostic test is the prerequisite for designing and developing control measures.

Development and evaluation of an IgY based silica matrix immunoassay platform for rapid onsite SEB detection.

The present study involves immunoassay platform development based on a surface functionalized silica matrix for rapid onsite detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Silica matrix functionalization as well as the immunoassay parameters was experimentally designed and optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). Silica surface functionalization was carried out with hydrofluoric acid (HF), ammonia, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde (GA).

Development of Hybrid IgG-Aptamer Sandwich Immunoassay Platform for Aflatoxin B1 Detection and Its Evaluation Onto Various Field Samples.

The present study was aimed to develop a novel antibody-aptamer based hybrid detection strategy for specific and sensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from contaminated food grains. The study comprises generation of ssDNA aptamers and anti-AFB1 IgG against AFB1 toxin. The generated bio-probes (aptamers and antibodies) were further characterized for their specificity and sensitivity using indirect ELISA.

Zearalenone induced embryo and neurotoxicity in zebrafish model (Danio rerio): Role of oxidative stress revealed by a multi biomarker study.

In the present study, we evaluated the zearalenone induced adverse effects in zebrafish embryos using various endpoints like embryo toxicity, heart rate, oxidative stress indicators (reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), Nitric oxide (NO)), antioxidant responses (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase enzyme (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH), metabolic biomarkers (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Nitric oxide (NO)), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase (AChE)), genotoxicity (comet assay and acridine orange staining (AO)) and histological analysis. In this study, four concentrations 350, 550, 750 and 950 μg/L of ZEA were chosen based on LC10 and LC50 values of the previous report. The results shows that ZEA induces developmental defects like pericardial edema, hyperemia, yolk sac edema, spine curvature and reduction in heart rate from above 550 μg/L exposure and the severity was increased with concentration and time dependent manner.

Co-circulation and co-infections of all dengue virus serotypes in Hyderabad, India 2014.

The burden of dengue virus infections increased globally during recent years. Though India is considered as dengue hyper-endemic country, limited data are available on disease epidemiology. The present study includes molecular characterization of dengue virus strains occurred in Hyderabad, India, during the year 2014.

Complete genome characterization and evolutionary analysis of serotype-4 associated with severe dengue.

Dengue virus circulates as four independent serotypes posing a major public health threat around the globe. In the recent years, frequent dengue outbreaks are being reported in many parts of the world including India. Among four serotypes, Den-4 is the least sampled and studied serotype until recent times, but the reported cases with Den-4 infections were mostly known to associate with severe dengue.

Multiplex Detection of Fusarium Species.

Multiplex PCR is a powerful method to detect, identify, and quantify the mycotoxigenic fungus by targeting the amplification of genes associated with mycotoxin production and detection, identification, and quantification of Fusarium species. As compared with uniplex PCR, it has several advantages such as low cost, shortened time, and simultaneous amplification of more than two genes (in only one reaction tube). Here, we describe multiplex PCR-based detection and identification of trichothecene-, zearalenone-, fumonisin-, and enniatin-producing Fusarium species, the use of multiplex PCR in multiplex genotype assay and the use of multiplex TaqMan real-time qPCR.

Molecular phylogeny, pathogenicity and toxigenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.

The present study aimed at the molecular characterization of pathogenic and non pathogenic F. oxysporum f. sp.

Rapid onsite detection of bacterial spores of biothreat importance by paper-based colorimetric method using erbium-pyrocatechol violet complex.

Dipicolinic acid (DPA) is an important chemical marker for the detection of bacterial spores. In this study, complexes of lanthanide series elements such as erbium, europium, neodymium, and terbium were prepared with pyrocatechol violet and effectively immobilized the pyrocatechol violet (PV)-metal complex on a filter paper using polyvinyl alcohol. These filter paper strips were employed for the onsite detection of bacterial spores.

Cytotoxic effects of oosporein isolated from endophytic fungus Cochliobolus kusanoi.

In the present study, oosporein, a fungal toxic secondary metabolite known to be a toxic agent causing chronic disorders in animals, was isolated from fungus Cochliobolus kusanoi of Nerium oleander L. Toxic effects of oosporein and the possible mechanisms of cytotoxicity as well as the role of oxidative stress in cytotoxicity to Madin-Darby canine kidney kidney cells and RAW 264.7 splene cells were evaluated in vitro.

Analysis of genetic and aflatoxin diversity among Aspergillus flavus isolates collected from sorghum seeds.

Thirty-four Aspergillus flavus isolates were recovered from sorghum seeds sampled across five states in India. Our study included (1) species confirmation through PCR assay, (2) quantification of total aflatoxin concentrations by the indirect competitive-ELISA (ic-ELISA) method, and (3) analysis of molecular diversity among the A. flavus isolates using β-tubulin, ITS, and ISSR markers.

Development of sandwich dot-ELISA for specific detection of Ochratoxin A and its application on to contaminated cereal grains originating from India.

In the present study, generation and characterization of a highly specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against Ochratoxin A (OTA) was undertaken. The generated mAb was further used to develop a simple, fast, and sensitive sandwich dot-ELISA (s-dot ELISA) method for detection of OTA from contaminated food grain samples. The limit of detection (LOD) of the developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was determined as 5.

3D Modeling of dengue virus NS4B and Chikungunya virus nsP4: identification of a common drug target and designing a single antiviral inhibitor.

Dengue and chikungunya virus infections are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. These two viruses belong to two different families with many similarities and dissimilarities. Both are enveloped viruses and the mode of transmission is also by the same mosquito species.

Development and validation of an immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of fumonisin B1 from cereal samples.

Fumonisins are one of the most agriculturally significant environmental toxins produced by Fusarium and Aspergillus species that grow on agricultural commodities in the field or during storage. Cereals contaminated with fumonisins causes serious loss to agricultural produce leads to health problems in humans and other farm animals. In the present study, polyclonal hyperimmune sera was raised against FB1 in rabbits immunized with FB1-keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH).

Rosmarinic acid mediated neuroprotective effects against H2O2-induced neuronal cell damage in N2A cells.

Aims: Oxidative stress plays a key role in several ailments including neurodegenerative conditions. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the effect of rosmarinic acid (RA) in preventing oxidative stress related death of neuronal cell lines.

Main Methods: In the present study, we demonstrated direct neuroprotective effect of RA using H2O2-induced oxidative challenge in N2A mouse neuroblastoma cells.

Neuroprotective effects of bikaverin on H2O2-induced oxidative stress mediated neuronal damage in SH-SY5Y cell line.

The generation of free radicals and oxidative stress has been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The use of free radical scavenging molecules for the reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species is one of the strategies used in the clinical management of neurodegeneration. Fungal secondary metabolism is a rich source of novel molecules with potential bioactivity.

Cytotoxic effect of p-Coumaric acid on neuroblastoma, N2a cell via generation of reactive oxygen species leading to dysfunction of mitochondria inducing apoptosis and autophagy.

p-Coumaric acid (p-CA), an ubiquitous plant phenolic acid, has been proven to render protection against pathological conditions. In the present study, p-CA was evaluated for its capacity to induce cytotoxic effect to neuroblastoma N2a cells and we report here the possible mechanism of its action. p-CA at a concentration of 150 μmol/L, upon exposure for 72 h, stimulated 81.