Sensory integration of food and population density during the diapause exit decision involves insulin-like signaling in .

Decisions made over long time scales, such as life cycle decisions, require coordinated interplay between sensory perception and sustained gene expression. The dauer (or diapause) exit developmental decision requires sensory integration of population density and food availability to induce an all-or-nothing organismal-wide response, but the mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate how the Amphid Single Cilium J (ASJ) chemosensory neurons, known to be critical for dauer exit, perform sensory integration at both the levels of gene expression and calcium activity.

Public health preparedness, syndromic surveillance, and response during the largest religious gathering at the Catholic pilgrimage center of Velankanni in South India: 2016.

Background: The dynamicity and mobility of the population in a mass gathering setting pose a challenge to traditional disease surveillance methods and strain the local health services. Velankanni is one of the most sacred Christian pilgrimage places located in Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India. We participated in the Velankanni festival to describe the public health preparedness, surveillance, and response activities carried out during the festival.

Evaluation of Surgical Outcomes of Zygomatic Implant-Supported Rehabilitation of Atrophic Maxillary Arches - A Prospective Study.

Introduction: Prosthetic rehabilitation with implants in the atrophic edentulous maxilla often requires a bone augmentation procedure to enable implant placement and integration. However, rigid anchorage can also be achieved using long zygomatic implants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes of rehabilitation of atrophic posterior maxillary ridges with zygomatic implants using the zygomatic success code (ZSC) and derive the success grade for the procedure based on the observed results.

Enhancing the Adaptation of Single Non-compression Miniplate in the Management of Angle Fractures of the Mandible for Better Surgical Outcome-A Technique Modification.

The anatomical characteristics and the cortico-cancellous nature of bone disrupted by the presence of teeth make the mandible more vulnerable to fractures during traumatic injuries of the face. Fractures of the angle region constitute about 30% of mandibular fractures due to the change in dentate bone to the lateral flare of ramus, change in grain pattern of the bone, and presence of third molars all weakening the region making it fragile and thus fracture. Several studies corroborated the effectiveness of Champy's technique as to have the lowest complication rate when compared to the other techniques.

Versatile multiple object tracking in sparse 2D/3D videos via deformable image registration.

Tracking body parts in behaving animals, extracting fluorescence signals from cells embedded in deforming tissue, and analyzing cell migration patterns during development all require tracking objects with partially correlated motion. As dataset sizes increase, manual tracking of objects becomes prohibitively inefficient and slow, necessitating automated and semi-automated computational tools. Unfortunately, existing methods for multiple object tracking (MOT) are either developed for specific datasets and hence do not generalize well to other datasets, or require large amounts of training data that are not readily available.

Sensory integration of food availability and population density during the diapause exit decision involves insulin-like signaling in .

Decisions made over long time scales, such as life cycle decisions, require coordinated interplay between sensory perception and sustained gene expression. The dauer (or diapause) exit developmental decision requires sensory integration of population density and food availability to induce an all-or-nothing organismal-wide response, but the mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate how the ASJ chemosensory neurons, known to be critical for dauer exit, perform sensory integration at both the levels of gene expression and calcium activity.

Life Cycle Assessment in a Nutshell-Best Practices and Status Quo for the Plastic Sector.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an internationally standardized methodology to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of products and technologies and assists in lowering their negative environmental consequences. So far, extensive knowledge of LCA-their application and interpretation-is restricted to experts. However, the importance of LCA is increasing due to its application in business, environmental, and policy decision-making processes.

Programmed Cell Death Modifies Neural Circuits and Tunes Intrinsic Behavior.

Programmed cell death is a common feature of animal development. During development of the hermaphrodite, programmed cell death (PCD) removes 131 cells from stereotyped positions in the cell lineage, mostly in neuronal lineages. Blocking cell death results in supernumerary "undead" neurons.

Continuous, long-term crawling behavior characterized by a robotic transport system.

Detailed descriptions of behavior provide critical insight into the structure and function of nervous systems. In larvae and many other systems, short behavioral experiments have been successful in characterizing rapid responses to a range of stimuli at the population level. However, the lack of long-term continuous observation makes it difficult to dissect comprehensive behavioral dynamics of individual animals and how behavior (and therefore the nervous system) develops over time.

Learning Probabilistic Piecewise Rigid Atlases of Model Organisms via Generative Deep Networks.

Atlases are crucial to imaging statistics as they enable the standardization of inter-subject and inter-population analyses. While existing atlas estimation methods based on fluid/elastic/diffusion registration yield high-quality results for the human brain, these deformation models do not extend to a variety of other challenging areas of neuroscience such as the anatomy of worms and fruit flies. To this end, this work presents a general probabilistic deep network-based framework for atlas estimation and registration which can flexibly incorporate various deformation models and levels of keypoint supervision that can be applied to a wide class of model organisms.

Comparison of MR-soft tissue based versus biliary stent based alignment for image guidance in pancreatic SBRT.

Purpose: The role of biliary stents in image-guided localization for pancreatic cancer has been inconclusive. To date, stent accuracy has been largely evaluated against implanted fiducials on cone beam computed tomography. We aim to use magnetic resonance (MR) soft tissue as a direct reference to examine the geometric and dosimetric impacts of stent-based localization on the newly available MR linear accelerator.

Continuous, long-term crawling behavior characterized by a robotic transport system.

Detailed descriptions of behavior provide critical insight into the structure and function of nervous systems. In larvae and many other systems, short behavioral experiments have been successful in characterizing rapid responses to a range of stimuli at the population level. However, the lack of long-term continuous observation makes it difficult to dissect comprehensive behavioral dynamics of individual animals and how behavior (and therefore the nervous system) develops over time.

Does the Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Increase the Risk of Angle Fracture to Prevent the Incidence of Condylar Fracture? - A Retrospective Analysis.

Introduction: This study aimed to retrospectively analyse the influence of the presence or absence of third molars and its position on the incidence of angle and condylar fractures of mandible.

Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 148 patients with mandibular fractures was done. A complete analysis of their clinical records and their radiological data was done.

Functional imaging and quantification of multineuronal olfactory responses in .

Many animals perceive odorant molecules by collecting information from ensembles of olfactory neurons, where each neuron uses receptors that are tuned to recognize certain odorant molecules with different binding affinity. Olfactory systems are able, in principle, to detect and discriminate diverse odorants using combinatorial coding strategies. We have combined microfluidics and multineuronal imaging to study the ensemble-level olfactory representations at the sensory periphery of the nematode .

Automation of the Micronucleus Assay Using Imaging Flow Cytometry and Artificial Intelligence.

The micronucleus (MN) assay is used worldwide by regulatory bodies to evaluate chemicals for genetic toxicity. The assay can be performed in two ways: by scoring MN in once-divided, cytokinesis-blocked binucleated cells or fully divided mononucleated cells. Historically, light microscopy has been the gold standard method to score the assay, but it is laborious and subjective.

Low-Cost, High-Pressure-Synthesized Oxygen-Entrapping Materials to Improve Treatment of Solid Tumors.

Tumor hypoxia drives resistance to many cancer therapies, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Methods that increase tumor oxygen pressures, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy and microbubble infusion, are utilized to improve the responses to current standard-of-care therapies. However, key obstacles remain, in particular delivery of oxygen at the appropriate dose and with optimal pharmacokinetics.

Comparative assessment of environmental impacts of 1st generation (corn feedstock) and 3rd generation (carbon dioxide feedstock) PHA production pathways using life cycle assessment.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are bio-based and biodegradable alternatives to conventional plastic types and have the potential to reduce the environmental impacts along the life cycle. In comparison to already established production routes for PHA (heterotrophic production) based on renewable feedstock like glucose (first generation feedstock), novel production routes, such as the photoautotrophic production of PHA based on CO as feedstock (third generation feedstock) could offer new perspectives with regard to the reduction in the environmental impacts. To quantify the environmental impacts of PHA produced via photoautotrophic and heterotrophic production pathways, life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology based on ISO 14040/44 was applied, thus conducting a first of its kind comparative study for PHA based on third generation feedstock.

Imaging whole-brain activity to understand behavior.

The brain evolved to produce behaviors that help an animal inhabit the natural world. During natural behaviors, the brain is engaged in many levels of activity from the detection of sensory inputs to decision-making to motor planning and execution. To date, most brain studies have focused on small numbers of neurons that interact in limited circuits.

Interneuron control of C. elegans developmental decision-making.

Natural environments are highly dynamic, and this complexity challenges animals to accurately integrate external cues to shape their responses. Adaptive developmental plasticity enables organisms to remodel their physiology, morphology, and behavior to better suit the predicted future environment and ultimately enhance their ecological success. Understanding how an animal generates a neural representation of current and forecasted environmental conditions and converts these circuit computations into a predictive adaptive physiological response may provide fundamental insights into the molecular and cellular basis of decision-making over developmentally relevant timescales.

The learning curve and safety of continuous intraoperative vagus nerve monitoring in thyroid surgery.

Introduction: Continuous intraoperative nerve monitoring allows for continuous feedback on the integrity of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and the quality of its induced myogenic potential. The aims of this study were to assess the time requirements and risks associated with vagus nerve electrode placement when learning the technique.

Methods: This is a prospective observational study carried out in a single otolaryngology department at the start of a trainee's placement.

Modulation of sensory perception by hydrogen peroxide enables Caenorhabditis elegans to find a niche that provides both food and protection from hydrogen peroxide.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the most common chemical threat that organisms face. Here, we show that H2O2 alters the bacterial food preference of Caenorhabditis elegans, enabling the nematodes to find a safe environment with food. H2O2 induces the nematodes to leave food patches of laboratory and microbiome bacteria when those bacterial communities have insufficient H2O2-degrading capacity.

Natural sensory context drives diverse brain-wide activity during C. elegans mating.

Natural goal-directed behaviors often involve complex sequences of many stimulus-triggered components. Understanding how brain circuits organize such behaviors requires mapping the interactions between an animal, its environment, and its nervous system. Here, we use brain-wide neuronal imaging to study the full performance of mating by the C.