Progression of myopia and high myopia in the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity study: findings at 4 to 6 years of age.

Purpose: To report the prevalence of myopia and high myopia in children <6 years of age born preterm with birth weights <1251 g who developed high-risk prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity and who participated in the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity trial.

Methods: Surviving children from the cohort of 401 participants who had developed high-risk prethreshold ROP in one or both eyes underwent cycloplegic retinoscopy at 6 and 9 months corrected age and yearly between 2 and 6 years postnatal age. Eyes were randomized to receive treatment at high-risk prethreshold ROP or conventional management with treatment only if threshold ROP developed.

Developmental changes in anterior corneal astigmatism in Tohono O'odham Native American infants and children.

Unlabelled: ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe change in corneal astigmatism in infants and children of a Native American tribe with a high prevalence of astigmatism.

Methods: Longitudinal measurements of corneal astigmatism were obtained in 960 Tohono O'odham children aged 6 months to <8 years. Change in corneal astigmatism (magnitude (clinical notation), J0, J45) across age in children with high astigmatism (≥2 diopter (D) corneal astigmatism) or low/no astigmatism (<2 D corneal astigmatism) at their baseline measurement was assessed.

Accuracy and validity of IK4 handheld video keratometer measurements in children.

The infant keratometer (IK4) is a custom handheld instrument that was designed specifically to allow measurement of corneal astigmatism in infants as young as 6 months of age. In this study, accuracy of IK4 measurements with the use of standard toric surfaces was within 0.25 D.

Astigmatism progression in the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study to 6 years of age.

Purpose: To examine the prevalence of astigmatism (≥ 1.00 diopter [D]) and high astigmatism (≥ 2.00 D) from 6 months after term due date to 6 years of age in preterm children with birth weight of less than 1251 g in whom high-risk prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) developed and who participated in the Early Treatment for ROP study.

Grating visual acuity results in the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study.

Objective: To compare grating (resolution) visual acuity at 6 years of age in eyes that received early treatment (ET) for high-risk prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with that in eyes that underwent conventional management (CM).

Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, infants with bilateral, high-risk prethreshold ROP (n = 317) had one eye undergo ET and the other eye undergo CM, with treatment only if ROP progressed to threshold severity. For asymmetric cases (n = 84), the high-risk prethreshold eye was randomized to ET or CM.

Prevalence of corneal astigmatism in Tohono O'odham Native American children 6 months to 8 years of age.

Purpose: To describe the prevalence of corneal astigmatism in infants and young children who are members of a Native American tribe with a high prevalence of refractive astigmatism.

Methods: The prevalence of corneal astigmatism was assessed by obtaining infant keratometer (IK4) measurements from 1235 Tohono O'odham children, aged 6 months to 8 years.

Results: The prevalence of corneal astigmatism >2.

Adult discrimination performance for pediatric acuity test optotypes.

Purpose: To compare adult discrimination performance on nine pediatric visual acuity tests to determine the consistency of optotype design.

Methods: After their binocular acuity was measured with each test, eight adult observers (mean age, 27 years ± 6.3 SD; three emmetropes and five corrected myopes) were shown isolated single optotypes from the Allen figures, HOTV, Landolt C, Lea Numbers, Lea Symbols, Lighthouse, Patti Pics, Precision Vision numbers, and Tumbling E tests.

Visual field extent at 6 years of age in children who had high-risk prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity.

Objective: To compare monocular visual field extent at 6 years of age in eyes with high-risk prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) randomized to early treatment (ET) with eyes that underwent conventional management (CM) and were treated at threshold or regressed without treatment.

Methods: Subjects were 370 surviving study participants who developed high-risk prethreshold ROP and were enrolled in the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Study between October 1, 2000, and September 30, 2002. When the participants were 6 years of age, vision testers unaware of ROP status used white-sphere kinetic perimetry to measure visual field extent along the superotemporal, inferotemporal, inferonasal, and superonasal meridians.

Retinopathy of prematurity in infants weighing less than 500 grams at birth enrolled in the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study.

Purpose: To describe patient characteristics, classification, and onset of prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and ocular findings at 6 months corrected age in infants with birth weights <500 g who were enrolled in the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ETROP) Study.

Design: Multicenter randomized clinical trial.

Participants: Sixty-three infants with birth weights <500 g who developed ROP and were enrolled in the ETROP Study.

Prevalence of astigmatism in Native American infants and children.

Purpose: To describe the prevalence of high astigmatism in infants and young children who are members of a Native American tribe with a high prevalence of astigmatism.

Methods: SureSight autorefraction measurements were obtained for 1461 Tohono O'odham children aged 6 months to 8 years.

Results: The prevalence of astigmatism >2.

Progression of type 2 to type 1 retinopathy of prematurity in the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Study.

Objective: To examine the frequency and timing of progression from type 2 to type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Study.

Methods: Infants with prethreshold ROP that was no worse than low risk in 1 or both eyes, based on the RM-ROP2 model, were examined every 2 to 4 days for at least 2 weeks. Using the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Study-defined classification of eyes as having type 1 or type 2 prethreshold ROP, we analyzed the time to conversion from type 2 to type 1.

Final visual acuity results in the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study.

Objective: To compare visual acuity at 6 years of age in eyes that received early treatment for high-risk prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with conventionally managed eyes.

Methods: Infants with symmetrical, high-risk prethreshold ROP (n = 317) had one eye randomized to earlier treatment at high-risk prethreshold disease and the other eye managed conventionally, treated if ROP progressed to threshold severity. For asymmetric cases (n = 84), the high-risk prethreshold eye was randomized to either early treatment or conventional management.

Amblyopia in astigmatic infants and toddlers.

Purpose: To determine whether reduced astigmatism-corrected acuity for vertical (V) and/or horizontal (H) gratings and/or meridional amblyopia (MA) are present before 3 years of age in children who have with-the-rule astigmatism.

Methods: Subjects were 448 children, 6 months through 2 years of age with no known ocular abnormalities other than with-the-rule astigmatism, who were recruited through Women, Infants and Children clinics on the Tohono O'odham reservation. Children were classified as non-astigmats (< or =2.

Prevalence of strabismus among preschool, kindergarten, and first-grade Tohono O'odham children.

Background: Although the prevalence of strabismus is 2% to 5% in European-based and African-American populations, little is known about the prevalence of strabismus in Native-American populations. We report the prevalence of strabismus in children who are members of a Native-American tribe with a high prevalence of astigmatism.

Methods: Subjects were 594 children enrolled in Head Start and 315 children enrolled in kindergarten or first grade (K/1) in schools on the Tohono O'odham Reservation.

Recognition acuity, grating acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual fields in 6-year-old children.

Objective: To measure monocular distance visual acuity (VA), grating VA, contrast sensitivity, and visual field extent in full-term, 6-year-old children.

Methods: Subjects were 59 healthy full-term children aged 5.8 to 6.

Accuracy of the Welch Allyn SureSight for measurement of magnitude of astigmatism in 3- to 7-year-old children.

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of the Welch Allyn SureSight in noncycloplegic measurements of astigmatism as compared to cycloplegic Retinomax K+ autorefractor measurements of astigmatism in children from a Native American population with a high prevalence of high astigmatism.

Methods: Data are reported for 825 3- to 7-year-old children with no ocular abnormalities. Each child had a Retinomax K+ cycloplegic measurement of right eye astigmatism with a confidence rating > or =8 and 3 attempts to obtain a SureSight measurement on the right eye.

Normative monocular visual acuity for early treatment diabetic retinopathy study charts in emmetropic children 5 to 12 years of age.

Objective: To provide normative data for children tested with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Participants: A total of 252 Native American (Tohono O'odham) children aged 5 to 12 years.

A comparison of Lea Symbol vs ETDRS letter distance visual acuity in a population of young children with a high prevalence of astigmatism.

Purpose: To compare visual acuity results obtained by use of the Lea Symbols chart with results obtained with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts in young children who are members of a population with a high prevalence of astigmatism.

Methods: Subjects were 438 children ages 5 through 7 years who were enrolled in kindergarten or first grade on the Tohono O'odham Reservation: 241 (55%) had astigmatism >or=1.00 D in one or both eyes (range, 0.

Optical treatment reduces amblyopia in astigmatic children who receive spectacles before kindergarten.

Objective: To examine the effect of spectacle correction of astigmatism during preschool on best-corrected recognition visual acuity (VA), grating VA, and meridional amblyopia (difference between acuity for vertical versus horizontal gratings) once the children reach kindergarten.

Design: Comparative case series.

Participants: Seventy-three astigmatic (right eye > or =1.

Astigmatism in the Early Treatment for Retinopathy Of Prematurity Study: findings to 3 years of age.

Purpose: To examine the prevalence of astigmatism (> or =1.00 diopter [D]) and high astigmatism (> or =2.00 D) at 6 and 9 months corrected age and 2 and 3 years postnatal age, in preterm children with birth weight of less than 1251 g in whom high-risk prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) developed and who participated in the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ETROP) Study.

Anisometropia prevalence in a highly astigmatic school-aged population.

Purpose: To describe prevalence of anisometropia, defined in terms of both sphere and cylinder, examined cross-sectionally, in school-aged members of a Native American tribe with a high prevalence of astigmatism.

Methods: Cycloplegic autorefraction measurements, confirmed by retinoscopy and, when possible, by subjective refraction were obtained from 1041 Tohono O'odham children, 4 to 13 years of age.

Results: Astigmatism > or =1.

Associations between anisometropia, amblyopia, and reduced stereoacuity in a school-aged population with a high prevalence of astigmatism.

Purpose: To describe the relation between magnitude of anisometropia and interocular acuity difference (IAD), stereoacuity (SA), and the presence of amblyopia in school-aged members of a Native American tribe with a high prevalence of astigmatism.

Methods: Refractive error (cycloplegic autorefraction confirmed by retinoscopy), best corrected monocular visual acuity (VA; Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study logMAR charts), and best corrected SA (Randot Preschool Stereoacuity Test) were measured in 4- to 13-year-old Tohono O'odham children (N = 972). Anisometropia was calculated in clinical notation (spherical equivalent and cylinder) and in two forms of vector notation that take into account interocular differences in both axis and cylinder magnitude.

Progression of myopia and high myopia in the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study: findings to 3 years of age.

Purpose: Examine the prevalence of myopia and high myopia, at 6 and 9 months postterm and 2 and 3 years postnatal in preterm children with birth weights < 1251 g who developed high-risk prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in the neonatal period and participated in the Early Treatment for ROP Study.

Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Participants: Four hundred one infants who developed prethreshold ROP and were determined to have a significant risk (>/=15%) of poor structural outcomes without treatment.