Correction: The effect of sex and age on facial shape directional asymmetry in adults: A 3D landmarks-based method study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Classification performance of the Sella-Tunis et al. (2017) sex estimation method in Czech population: different posterior probability threshold approaches.

In this study we tested classification performance of a sex estimation method from the mandible originally developed by Sella-Tunis et al. (2017) on a heterogeneous Israeli population. Mandibular linear dimensions were measured on 60 CT scans derived from the Czech living population.

Body mass index is an overlooked confounding factor in existing clustering studies of 3D facial scans of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Cluster analyzes of facial models of autistic patients aim to clarify whether it is possible to diagnose autism on the basis of facial features and further to stratify the autism spectrum disorder. We performed a cluster analysis of sets of 3D scans of ASD patients (116) and controls (157) using Euclidean and geodesic distances in order to recapitulate the published results on the Czech population. In the presented work, we show that the major factor determining the clustering structure and consequently also the correlation of resulting clusters with autism severity degree is body mass index corrected for age (BMIFA).

Prioritizing a high posterior probability threshold leading to low error rate over high classification accuracy: the validity of MorphoPASSE software for cranial morphological sex estimation in a contemporary population.

An increasing number of software tools can be used in forensic anthropology to estimate a biological profile, but further studies in other populations are required for more robust validation. The present study aimed to evaluate the validity of MorphoPASSE software for sex estimation from sexually dimorphic cranial traits recorded on 3D CT models (n = 180) from three populations samples (Czech, French, and Egyptian). Two independent observers performed scoring of 4 cranial traits (2 of them bilateral) in each population sample of 30 males and 30 females.

The influence of biological relatedness on sexual dimorphism and sex classification based on external morphology of the frontal bone.

The most significant sexual differences in the human skull are located in the upper third of the face (the frontal bone), which is a useful research object, mainly in combination with virtual anthropology methods. However, the influence of biological relatedness on sexual dimorphism and frontal bone variability remains unknown. This study was directed at sexual difference description and sex classification using the form and shape of the external surface of the frontal bones from a genealogically documented Central European osteological sample (nineteenth to twentieth centuries).

How reliable is the application of the sex classifier based on exocranial surface (Musilová et al., 2016) for geographically and temporally distant skull series.

Sex estimation is one of the crucial trends in cases of findings of unknown skeletal remains in forensics and bioarchaeology. The changing nature of sexual dimorphism (population specificity, secular trend, other external and internal factors influence) brings challenges to developing new methods; and there are new aims to be independent of these changes such, as the method by Musilová et al. (2016).

The effect of sex and age on facial shape directional asymmetry in adults: A 3D landmarks-based method study.

Objectives: Facial directional asymmetry research, including age-related changes, is crucial for the evaluation of treatment of craniofacial malformations/trauma in orthodontics, facial surgery and forensic sciences. The aim was to describe facial directional asymmetry (DA) in different age categories of adults using 3D methods. According to our hypothesis, facial shape DA (1) depends on sex; (2) differs among age groups; and (3) has wider variability in older age.

Automated age-at-death estimation from 3D surface scans of the facies auricularis of the pelvic bone.

This work presents an automated data-mining model for age-at-death estimation based on 3D scans of the auricular surface of the pelvic bone. The study is based on a multi-population sample of 688 individuals (males and females) originating from one Asian and five European identified osteological collections. Our method requires no expert knowledge and achieves similar accuracy compared to traditional subjective methods.

Morphometric Assessment of Facial Morphology in Infants with Orofacial Clefts up to two Years of Age: A Three-Dimensional Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective: To assess modelled facial development of infants with unilateral cleft lip (CL) and cleft lip and palate (UCLP) compared to controls up to two years of age.

Design And Participants: A total of 209 facial images of children (CL: n = 37; UCLP: n = 39; controls: n = 137) were obtained in four age categories (T0 = 0.2-0.

Palatal surface development from 6 years of age to early adulthood: data modelling using 3D geometric morphometrics.

Objectives: The study followed the modelling of postnatal growth of a healthy palate of the Central European (Czech) population sample based on transverse data on sex and age from 6 to 19 years.

Materials And Methods: Digitised 3D models of 212 healthy palatal surfaces were evaluated using 3D geometric morphometrics and superimpositions. The individuals were grouped based on age (preschool, younger and older school age, younger and older adolescents, young adults) and sex (♂ n = 101, ♀ n = 111).

Three-dimensional analysis of modeled facial aging and sexual dimorphism from juvenile to elderly age.

A detailed understanding of craniofacial ontogenetic development is important in a variety of scientific disciplines dealing with facial reconstruction, forensic identification, ageing prediction, and monitoring of pathological growth, including the effect of therapy. The main goals of this study were (1) the construction of the facial aging model using local polynomial regression fitting separately for both sexes, (2) evaluation of the aging effect not only on facial form as a whole but also on dimensions important for clinical practice, and (3) monitoring of the development of shape facial sexual dimorphism. Our study was based on the form and shape analysis of three-dimensional facial surface models of 456 individuals aged 14-83 years.

Osseous suprascapular canal: rare variant that would hinder suprascapular nerve block and posterior surgical approach.

Purpose: To report atypical anatomical variation of an osseous suprascapular canal, and to elaborate on its clinical significance as a potential anatomical factor that could obscure a direct posterior surgical approach and suprascapular nerve block.

Methods: Osteological observational study of the scapula with emphasis on the suprascapular space. The pool of investigated sample size was collectively 768 specimens composed of 529 adult dry scapulae (240 paired, 289 un-paired), 54 children dry scapulae, 135 wet scapulae observed during cadaveric dissections, 47 retrospective 3D CT reconstructions, and 3 retrospective full sequence shoulder MRI.

Diploic vein morphology in normal and craniosynostotic adult human skulls.

Diploic veins (DV) run within the cranial diploe, where they leave channels that can be studied in osteological samples. This study investigates overall DV variability in human adults and the effects of sex, age, cranial dimensions, and dysmorphogenesis associated with craniosynostosis (CS). The morphology of macroscopic diploic channels was analyzed in a set of the qualitative and quantitative variables in computed tomography-images of crania of anatomically normal and craniosynostotic adult individuals.

The computational age-at-death estimation from 3D surface models of the adult pubic symphysis using data mining methods.

Age-at-death estimation of adult skeletal remains is a key part of biological profile estimation, yet it remains problematic for several reasons. One of them may be the subjective nature of the evaluation of age-related changes, or the fact that the human eye is unable to detect all the relevant surface changes. We have several aims: (1) to validate already existing computer models for age estimation; (2) to propose our own expert system based on computational approaches to eliminate the factor of subjectivity and to use the full potential of surface changes on an articulation area; and (3) to determine what age range the pubic symphysis is useful for age estimation.

Age-related differences in cranial sexual dimorphism in contemporary Europe.

Biomechanical load and hormonal levels tended to change just like the soft and skeletal tissue of the elderly with age. Although aging in both sexes shared common traits, it was assumed that there would be a reduction of sexual dimorphism in aged individuals. The main goals of this study were (1) to evaluate age-related differences in cranial sexual dimorphism during senescence, (2) to determine age-related differences in female and male skulls separately, and (3) to compare skull senescence in Czech and French adult samples as discussed by Musilová et al.

Palatal growth changes in newborns with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate from birth until 12 months after early neonatal cheiloplasty using morphometric assessment.

Objectives: To compare palatal growth changes in infants with complete unilateral (UCLP) or bilateral (BCLP) cleft lip and palate during the first year of life.

Materials And Methods: Upper dental arches of 68 neonates with UCLP and BCLP were evaluated using 2D and 3D morphometry based on dental casts obtained in two age categories (T0 before early neonatal cheiloplasty-UCLP 4 ± 3 days, BCLP 6 ± 5 days; T1 before palatoplasty-UCLP 10 ± 2 months, BCLP 12 ± 3 months).

Results: Intensive palatal growth was manifested in both directions of the palate.

Three-dimensional mixed longitudinal study of facial growth changes and variability of facial form in preschool children using stereophotogrammetry.

Objectives: Since the normal, non-pathological facial growth in preschool children is not sufficiently reported, the aim was to follow growth changes of facial surface, sex differences and facial variability in preschool children using 3D stereophotogrammetry.

Settings And Sample Population: Mixed longitudinal sample of healthy Caucasian preschool children without head and facial trauma or craniofacial anomalies from 3.4 to 6.

A test of the Bulut et al. (2016) landmark-free method of quantifying sex differences in frontal bone roundness in a contemporary Czech sample.

The skull, along with the pelvic bone, serves an important source of clues as to the sex of human skeletal remains. The frontal bone is one of the most significant sexually dimorphic structures employed in anthropological research, especially when studied by methods of virtual anthropology. For this reason, many new methods have been developed, but their utility for other populations remains to be verified.

Biological relationships and frontal sinus similarity in skeletal remains with known genealogical data.

Frontal sinus analysis has potential utility for detecting biologically related individuals. However, the methodological approach to its evaluation, as well as its informative value, have been questioned. The aim of this work is to introduce a new approach to evaluating the frontal sinus using the 'external supraorbital line' (ESOL) and to determine whether there are sex differences within families in frontal sinus measurements and whether frontal sinus similarity reflects known genetic relationships in both measurements and morphology.

Three-dimensional development of the palate in bilateral orofacial cleft newborns 1 year after early neonatal cheiloplasty: Classic and geometric morphometric evaluation.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess palatal growth in newborns with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (cBCLP) and bilateral cleft lip and palate with tissue bridges (BCLP + B) 1 year after early neonatal cheiloplasty (ENC).

Material And Methods: The methodology was based on classic and morphometric analysis of dental models of newborns with cBCLP or BCLP + B. These analyses included metric analysis, coherent point drift-dense correspondence analysis, superprojection methods, and multivariate statistics.

A case of marked bilateral asymmetry in the sacral alae of the Neandertal specimen Regourdou 1 (Périgord, France).

Objectives: A marked asymmetry was previously reported in the sacral alae and S1-L5 facets orientation of the Neandertal individual Regourdou 1. Here, we provide a detailed description and quantification of the morphology and degree of asymmetry of this sacrum.

Material And Methods: Regourdou 1 was compared to a modern human sample composed of 24 females and 17 males, and to other Neandertal individuals.

Impact of 3D surface scanning protocols on the Os coxae digital data: Implications for sex and age-at-death assessment.

The 3D imaging technologies have become of paramount importance for example in disciplines such as forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology, where they are being used more and more frequently. There are several new possibilities that they offer; for instance, the easier and faster sharing of data among institutions, the possibility of permanent documentation, or new opportunities of data analysis. An important requirement, however, is whether the data obtained from different scanning devices are comparable and whether the possible varying outputs could affect further analyses, such as the estimation of the biological profile.

Sex estimation using external morphology of the frontal bone and frontal sinuses in a contemporary Czech population.

Sex estimation is a task of utmost importance in forensic anthropology and bioarcheology. Along with the pelvic bone, the skull is the most important source of sexual dimorphism. On the human skull, the upper third of the face (i.