Oral enzyme combination with bromelain, trypsin and the flavonoid rutoside reduces systemic inflammation and pain when used pre- and post-operatively in elective total hip replacement: a randomized exploratory placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Early mobilization after total hip replacement (THR) is key for fast recovery but is often limited by pain. Oral enzyme combinations (OECs) have demonstrated anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects.

Objectives And Design: This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory trial evaluated the effects of pre- and post-operative use of OEC (90 mg bromelain, 48 mg trypsin, 100 mg rutoside) following elective THR, on post-operative recovery.

Clinicopathological relevance of granular C4d deposition in peritubular capillaries of kidney allografts.

While linear C4d staining in peritubular capillaries (PTC) is established as a marker of antibody-mediated rejection, the significance of a distinct granular C4d deposition pattern has not yet been clarified. In this study, 329 renal allograft recipients who underwent indication biopsies were analysed for immunohistochemical C4d staining characteristics. Fifty-six (17%) recipients showed granular C4d in PTC, without any relationship to conventional risk factors and morphological features of rejection.

Significance of peritubular capillary, glomerular, and arteriolar C4d staining patterns in paraffin sections of early kidney transplant biopsies.

Background: Although diffuse linear C4d deposition in peritubular capillaries (PTCs) is a well-established criterion of alloantibody-mediated kidney transplant rejection, the actual relevance of focal or granular C4d deposits or staining outside PTC (glomeruli and arterioles) has yet to be established.

Methods: This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic significance of such nontypical C4d staining patterns. A total of 539 early indication biopsies (329 kidney transplants) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal anti-C4d antibody.