Prediction of thyroid nodule histopathology by expert ultrasound evaluation.

Objective: The basis of thyroid nodule diagnostics is ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy with cytological evaluation (FNC) if ultrasound appearance is not clearly benign. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive potential of dedicated, expert high-resolution ultrasound, to see if histopathological entities of thyroid nodules can be diagnosed without invasive FNC biopsies.

Design: Prospective case-cohort study.

Patient-Tailored Levothyroxine Dosage with Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling: A Novel Approach After Total Thyroidectomy.

After seven decades of levothyroxine (LT4) replacement therapy, dosage adjustment still takes several months. We have developed a decision aid tool (DAT) that models LT4 pharmacometrics and enables patient-tailored dosage. The aim of this was to speed up dosage adjustments for patients after total thyroidectomy.

Severe hypercalcemia caused by parathyroid hormone in a rectal cancer metastasis: a case report.

Background: Hypercalcemia of malignancy is relatively common in several cancers. However, in colorectal cancer, paraneoplastic phenomena that cause hypercalcemia is uncommon. In the few cases that are reported, secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide mediates the effect.

Hippocampal growth hormone modulates relational memory and the dendritic spine density in CA1.

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is associated with cognitive decline which occur both in normal aging and in endocrine disorders. Several brain areas express receptors for GH although their functional role is unclear. To determine how GH affects the capacity for learning and memory by specific actions in one of the key areas, the hippocampus, we injected recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) in male rats to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) combined with either GH, antagonizing GH (aGH), or no hormone, in the dorsal CA1.

Progressive increase in grid scale from dorsal to ventral medial entorhinal cortex.

Grid cells are topographically organized in the sense that, within the dorsal part of the medial entorhinal cortex, the scale of the grid increases systematically with anatomical distance from the dorsal border of this brain area. The ventral limit of the spatial map is currently not known. To determine if the grid map extends into the intermediate and ventral parts of the medial entorhinal cortex, we recorded activity from entorhinal principal cells at multiple dorsoventral levels while rats shuttled back and forth on an 18 m long linear track.

Finite scale of spatial representation in the hippocampus.

To determine how spatial scale is represented in the pyramidal cell population of the hippocampus, we recorded neural activity at multiple longitudinal levels of this brain area while rats ran back and forth on an 18-meter-long linear track. CA3 cells had well-defined place fields at all levels. The scale of representation increased almost linearly from <1 meter at the dorsal pole to approximately 10 meters at the ventral pole.

Impaired spatial representation in CA1 after lesion of direct input from entorhinal cortex.

Place-specific firing in the hippocampus is determined by path integration-based spatial representations in the grid-cell network of the medial entorhinal cortex. Output from this network is conveyed directly to CA1 of the hippocampus by projections from principal neurons in layer III, but also indirectly by axons from layer II to the dentate gyrus and CA3. The direct pathway is sufficient for spatial firing in CA1, but it is not known whether similar firing can also be supported by the input from CA3.

Place cells and place recognition maintained by direct entorhinal-hippocampal circuitry.

Place cells in hippocampal area CA1 may receive positional information from the intrahippocampal associative network in area CA3 or directly from the entorhinal cortex. To determine whether direct entorhinal connections support spatial firing and spatial memory, we removed all input from areas CA3 to CA1, thus isolating the CA1 area. Pyramidal cells in the isolated CA1 area developed sharp and stable place fields.