Reassessing riverine carbon dioxide emissions from the Indian subcontinent.

Anthropogenic perturbations are increasing uncertainties in estimating CO emissions via air-water CO flux (F) from large rivers of the Indian subcontinent. This study aimed to provide an improved estimate of the total F from the subcontinental rivers by combining calculations of the partial pressure of CO (pCO) in eight major rivers with new measurements in the Ganges and Godavari. The average pCO in the two newly surveyed rivers, including tributaries, wastewater drains, and impoundments, were 3-6 times greater than the previously reported values.