Brain IGF-I regulates LTP, spatial memory, and sexual dimorphic behavior.

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) exerts multiple actions, yet the role of IGF-I from different sources is poorly understood. Here, we explored the functional and behavioral consequences of the conditional deletion of in the nervous system ( ), and demonstrated that long-term potentiation was impaired in hippocampal slices. Moreover, mice showed spatial memory deficits in the Morris water maze, and the significant sex-dependent differences displayed by mice disappeared in mice in the open field and rota-rod tests.

"Geographical distribution of risk genotypes in pediatric patients with celiac disease in Spain".

Celiac disease is strongly associated with HLA DQ, specifically with haplotypes. DRB1*03-DQA1*05:01/DQB1*02:01 (DQ2.5),DRB1*07-DQA1*02:01/DQB1*02:02 (DQ2.

Morphological Diversity of Calretinin Interneurons Generated From Adult Mouse Olfactory Bulb Core Neural Stem Cells.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the olfactory bulb (OB) core can generate mature interneurons in the adult mice brain. The vast majority of these adult generated cells express the calcium-binding protein Calretinin (CalR), and they migrate towards different OB layers. However, these cells have yet to be fully characterized and hence, to achieve this we injected retroviral particles expressing GFP into the OB core of adult animals and found that the CalR neurons generated from NSCs mainly migrate to the granule cell layer (GCL) and glomerular layer (GL) in similar proportions.

Nutritional status and prevalence of dysphagia in cerebral palsy: usefulness of the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System scale and correlation with the degree of motor impairment according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System.

Introduction And Objectives: Digestive disorders are one of the most common comorbidities among children with cerebral palsy (CP). The aim of this study is to examine the nutritional status of patients with CP, the prevalence of dysphagia by degree of motor impairment, and the impact of digestive disorders on quality of life.

Material And Methods: We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional, open-label study of out-patients with CP from a tertiary hospital in the Region of Madrid using a structured interview, classifying dysphagia using the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS).

Preconditioning-Activated AKT Controls Neuronal Tolerance to Ischemia through the MDM2-p53 Pathway.

One of the most important mechanisms of preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection is the attenuation of cell apoptosis, inducing brain tolerance after a subsequent injurious ischemia. In this context, the antiapoptotic PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a key role by regulating cell differentiation and survival. Active AKT is known to increase the expression of murine double minute-2 (MDM2), an E3-ubiquitin ligase that destabilizes p53 to promote the survival of cancer cells.

Nutritional status and prevalence of dysphagia in cerebral palsy: Usefulness of the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System scale and correlation with the degree of motor impairment according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System.

Introduction And Objectives: Digestive disorders are one of the most common comorbidities among children with cerebral palsy (CP). The aim of this study is to examine the nutritional status of patients with CP, the prevalence of dysphagia by degree of motor impairment, and the impact of digestive disorders on quality of life.

Material And Methods: We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional, open-label study of outpatients with CP from a tertiary hospital in the Region of Madrid using a structured interview, classifying dysphagia using the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS).

The Neuronal Ischemic Tolerance Is Conditioned by the Tp53 Arg72Pro Polymorphism.

Cerebral preconditioning (PC) confers endogenous brain protection after stroke. Ischemic stroke patients with a prior transient ischemic attack (TIA) may potentially be in a preconditioned state. Although PC has been associated with the activation of pro-survival signals, the mechanism by which preconditioning confers neuroprotection is not yet fully clarified.

The MDM2-p53 pathway is involved in preconditioning-induced neuronal tolerance to ischemia.

Brain preconditioning (PC) refers to a state of transient tolerance against a lethal insult that can be evoked by a prior mild event. It is thought that PC may induce different pathways responsible for neuroprotection, which may involve the attenuation of cell damage pathways, including the apoptotic cell death. In this context, p53 is a stress sensor that accumulates during brain ischemia leading to neuronal death.

Regulation of Bcl-xL-ATP Synthase Interaction by Mitochondrial Cyclin B1-Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-1 Determines Neuronal Survival.

The survival of postmitotic neurons needs continuous degradation of cyclin B1, a mitotic protein accumulated aberrantly in the damaged brain areas of Alzheimer's disease and stroked patients. Degradation of cyclin B1 takes place in the proteasome after ubiquitylation by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-cadherin 1 (Cdh1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is highly active in neurons. However, during excitotoxic damage-a hallmark of neurological disorders-APC/C-Cdh1 is inactivated, causing cyclin B1 stabilization and neuronal death through an unknown mechanism.

Tuberculosis in pediatric solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

The burden of tuberculosis after pediatric solid organ transplant or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has not been well characterized. We report 7 pediatric cases with disseminated (4/7) or pulmonary (3/7) tuberculosis after solid organ transplant (n=6) or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (n=1) during 26 years. The outcome was favorable in 6 patients.

Optimizing interpretation of the tuberculin test using an interferon-gamma release assay as a reference standard.

The interferon-gamma release assays have greater specificity than the tuberculin skin test (TST), and at least equal sensitivity. We analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of the TST in immunocompetent children considering QuantiFERON as the referent standard. A TST cut-off point of ≥ 5 mm indicates excellent sensitivity (100%) and specificity (93%) in children without Bacillus Calmette-Guérin.