Infection rate following mandibular distraction with internal and external devices in infants.

Background: Internal and external devices may be utilized in mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) for the correction of symptomatic micrognathia in infants and children.

Purpose: To compare the rate and severity of infection between internal and external MDO devices.

Study Design, Setting, Sample: Retrospective cohort study utilizing an institutional database of patients who underwent MDO.

Pediatric tympanostomy tube assessment via deep learning.

Purpose: Tympanostomy tube (TT) placement is the most frequently performed ambulatory surgery in children under 15. After the procedure it is recommended that patients follow up regularly for "tube checks" until TT extrusion. Such visits incur direct and indirect costs to families in the form of days off from work, copays, and travel expenses.

Symptomatic Lingual Thyroglossal Duct Cyst in Children: A Laryngomalacia Phenotype.

Objectives: Patients with lingual thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) can present as symptomatic with obstructive airway and feeding difficulties.

Methods: We present 3 cases of symptomatic lingual TGDC.

Results: All 3 patients were diagnosed with laryngomalacia and underwent further concurrent or delayed airway intervention, in addition to cyst removal.

Pharyngeal wall and soft palate motion after two common speech surgeries.

Purpose: To assess how pharyngeal wall and soft palate motion are affected after two common interventions for velopharyngeal insufficiency.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed. A database of patients who had undergone Furlow palatoplasty or pharyngeal flap surgery between 2011 and 2019 and had video-archived preoperative and postoperative nasopharyngoscopy recordings was created.

Ambient noise limits efficacy of smartphone-based screening for hearing loss in children at risk.

Objective: To determine if hearScreen®, a smartphone-based pure tone audiometric screen, serves as an effective hearing screen for identifying hearing loss in children at risk, such as those with chronic otitis media and/or craniofacial anomalies.

Methods: A cross-sectional, single-center, prospective study at an urban tertiary care hospital was completed. From June to October 2019, a total of 208 pediatric ears at risk for hearing loss were evaluated by both hearScreen® and conventional pure tone audiometry.

Prophylactic Flexible Bronchoscopy Immediately following Open Airway Reconstruction in Children.

Objectives: Prophylactic flexible bronchoscopy immediately following open airway reconstruction allows for directed clearance of the distal airways, potentially reducing the rate of certain postoperative respiratory complications. In this investigation, we sought to determine if prophylactic flexible bronchoscopy at the conclusion of pediatric open airway reconstruction has any benefit over blind flexible suctioning of the trachea.

Methods: A retrospective, single-center study at an urban tertiary care hospital was completed.

Comparing the real and perceived cost of adenotonsillectomy using time-driven activity-based costing.

Objective: This study aims to measure the costs of treating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with an adenotonsillectomy using time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) and explore how this differs from cost estimates using traditional forms of hospital accounting.

Study Design: Prospective observational study.

Methods: A total of 53 pediatric patients with symptoms of OSA or sleep-related breathing disorder were followed from their initial appointment through surgery to their postoperative visit at an academic medical center.

Cholesteatoma as a complication of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of the temporal bone: A nationwide cross-sectional analysis.

Objective: To determine if patients with Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) of the temporal bone have a higher risk of developing cholesteatoma.

Methods: Review of literature and cross-sectional weighted analysis of patients under 19 with a diagnosis of LCH from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) and Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) from 2000 to 2013. ICD-9 codes and demographics were analyzed; pairwise comparisons and multivariate analyses were performed.

Palatal Motion After Primary and Secondary Furlow Palatoplasty.

Importance: Indications for Furlow palatoplasty include primary repair of cleft palate as well as secondary repair, or secondary palatoplasty for treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency. Speculation exists surrounding the benefit of secondary Furlow palatoplasty in cases of a previously well-reconstructed palate or a short but otherwise anatomically normal soft palate because it has been theorized that reorientation of a previously reconstructed or normal muscular levator sling should in fact worsen palatal motion.

Objective: To compare palatal motion following primary and secondary Furlow palatoplasty using footage from postoperative nasopharyngoscopy videos.

A rare case of pediatric Nontraumatic Myositis Ossificans in the posterior triangle.

Background: Myositis Ossificans Cicumscripta is a rare condition characterized by aberrant bone formation in paramuscular soft tissue of the extremities usually associated with trauma or a genetic mutation. Very few cases involve the head or neck and it is rarely found in the pediatric population.

Objectives: We present a case of a 5-month old with a rapidly growing posterior neck mass suspicious for neoplasia, which was treated with surgical resection and found to be a non-traumatic, non-genetic form of Myositis Ossificans.

Otologic outcomes after blast injury: the Boston Marathon experience.

Objective: Otologic trauma was the most common physical injury sustained after the April 15, 2013, Boston Marathon bombings. The goal of this study is to describe the resultant otologic morbidity and to report on early outcomes.

Study Design: Multi-institutional prospective cohort study.

Lower island trapezius myocutaneous flap reconstruction of a large neck defect in an infant.

Free tissues transfer has been well-described in infants but there is limited data on techniques for reconstruction of large neck defects with regional myocutaneous flaps in this population. We report on the use of a lower island trapezius myocutaneous flap to reconstruct a large posterior neck and occiput wound in an 18-month-old child. The use of a regional myocutaneous flap allowed for reliable transfer of a relatively large volume of skin and soft tissue, providing coverage of the internal jugular vein and spinal accessory nerve as well as limiting the likelihood of debilitating scar contracture.

Photodynamic therapy of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus-induced papillomas in a severe combined immunodeficient mouse xenograft system.

Objectives/hypothesis: To evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 for treating an animal model of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP).

Methods: Rabbit skin was grafted onto the dorsum of severe combined immunodeficient mice, two xenografts per animal. After the graft healed, it was inoculated with cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV).

Endolymphatic duct violation during retrosigmoid dissection of the internal auditory canal: a human temporal bone radiographic study.

Objective/hypothesis: Successful hearing preservation after acoustic neuroma resection is sometimes complicated by delayed hearing deterioration. The goal of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that internal auditory canal (IAC) drilling during retrosigmoid acoustic neuroma removal may result in endolymphatic duct (ELD) injury, a potential cause of delayed hearing loss (HL) after hearing preservation surgery.

Study Design: Temporal bone anatomic and radiographic study and literature review.

An experimental model of sudden death due to low-energy chest-wall impact (commotio cordis).

Background: The syndrome of sudden death due to low-energy trauma to the chest wall (commotio cordis) has been described in young sports participants, but the mechanism is unknown.

Methods: We developed a swine model of commotio cordis in which a low-energy impact to the chest wall was produced by a wooden object the size and weight of a regulation baseball. This projectile was thrust at a velocity of 30 miles per hour and was timed to the cardiac cycle.