Update on actinomycetoma treatment: linezolid in the treatment of actinomycetomas due to spp and resistant to conventional treatments.

Introduction: Mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous infection, common throughout tropical regions, and is considered a neglected disease that mostly affects impoverished populations. Mycetoma is divided into eumycetoma, caused by fungi, and actinomycetoma, caused by filamentous bacteria. Clinical presentation is distinctive, and making the diagnosis is usually not difficult; however, access to safe and effective treatments is a major challenge.

Pioglitazone enhances brain mitochondrial biogenesis and phase II detoxification capacity in neonatal rats with 6-OHDA-induced unilateral striatal lesions.

The psychostimulant methylphenidate (MPH) is the first-line pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but has numerous adverse side effects. The PPARγ receptor agonist pioglitazone (PIO) is known to improve mitochondrial bioenergetics and antioxidant capacity, both of which may be deficient in ADHD, suggesting utility as an adjunct therapy. Here, we assessed the effects of PIO on ADHD-like symptoms, mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant pathways in multiple brain regions of neonate rats with unilateral striatal lesions induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as an experimental ADHD model.

A Potential Role for Neuroinflammation in ADHD.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioural disorder in children and adolescents. Although increases in oxidative stress and disturbances of neurotransmitter system such as the dopaminergic and abnormalities in several brain regions have been demonstrated, the pathophysiology of ADHD is not fully understood. Nevertheless, ADHD involves several factors that have been associated with an increase in neuroinflammation.

Atomoxetine Decreases Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Fission and Fusion In Human Neuron-like Cells But Does Not Alter Antioxidant Defences.

Atomoxetine (ATX) is a presynaptic norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor widely prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) due to its low abuse potential and absence of psychostimulant effects. While NET inhibition is implicated in the clinical response, several additional pharmacoactivities may contribute to clinical efficacy or unwanted side effects. We recently reported that ATX can dose-dependently alter mitochondrial function and cellular redox status.

Encapsulated eumycetoma caused by .

Eumycetoma is a chronic infection due to filamentous fungi. Herein, we report a case of eumycetoma presenting as a subcutaneous encapsulated lesion on the right leg with no previous traumatic implantation. From microscopic morphological characteristics and molecular analysis, the pathogenic fungal species were identified as .

Actinomycetoma by : Clinical Characteristics and Treatment of 47 Cases.

Context: Mycetoma is a chronic, granulomatous disease caused by fungi (eumycetoma) or aerobic filamentous actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). is one of the most frequent actinomycetes.

Aim: The study aims to provide an update on clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and outcome data for patients with actinomycetoma in a single center in Mexico.

Actinomycetoma by . Clinical and therapeutic characteristics of 18 cases with two treatment modalities.

Background: Actinomycetoma due to is susceptible to numerous chemotherapeutic agents, however, the response to those treatments is variable and closely related to several factors.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the clinical-therapeutic characteristics of patients with actinomycetoma due to with two treatment modalities.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of eighteen patients with a diagnosis of actinomycetoma.

Atomoxetine produces oxidative stress and alters mitochondrial function in human neuron-like cells.

Atomoxetine (ATX) is a non-stimulant drug used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It has been shown that ATX has additional effects beyond the inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake, affecting several signal transduction pathways and alters gene expression. Here, we study alterations in oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in human differentiated SH-SY5Y cells exposed over a range of concentrations of ATX.

Cutaneous blastomycosis. An imported case with good response to itraconazole.

Background: Blastomycosis is a subacute or chronic deep mycosis caused by a dimorphic fungus called Blastomyces dermatitidis, which generally produces a pulmonary form of the disease and, to a lesser extent, extra-pulmonary forms such as cutaneous, osteoarticular and genitourinary, among others. Cutaneous blastomycosis is the second clinical presentation in frequency. It is considered as primary when it begins by inoculation of the fungus due to traumas, and secondary when the lung fails to contain the infection.

[Arterial hypertension and sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in primary care].

Introduction And Objectives: Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is frequent in hypertensive patients and plays a role in a greater incidence of cardiovascular morbidity-mortality. This study aims to know the clinical profile of hypertensive patients with SAHS compared to hypertensive patients without SAHS to know which variables should be used to orient their screening from primary care.

Methodology: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study of cases (hypertensive patients with SAHS) and controls (hypertensive patients without) was performed in an urban health care center.

Opportunistic yeast infections: candidiasis, cryptococcosis, trichosporonosis and geotrichosis.

Opportunistic yeast infections are diseases caused by fungi which normally are saprophytic and do not cause disease in humans or animals. The prevalence of these diseases has been increasing due to immunosuppressive, corticosteroid, and long-term antibiotic treatment following organ transplantation or after serious metabolic, hematological, or immunological diseases. We review epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of the four "big" opportunistic yeast infections: candidiasis, cryptococcosis, trichosporonosis, and geotrichosis.

Th-17 and the lack of efficacy of ustekinumab in pemphigus vulgaris.

Systemic corticosteroids represent an effective treatment for pemphigus vulgaris (PV). However, this treatment is related to many adverse side effects. Herein, we report a case of PV treated with ustekinumab.

Severe disseminated phaeohyphomycosis in an immunocompetent patient caused by Veronaea botryosa.

We present a severe case of disseminated phaeohyphomycosis due to Veronaea botryosa. A 32-year-old female, native from Cuautla, Morelos, Mexico, presented a chronic dermatosis which started 10 years earlier with multiple exophytic, multilobulated, soft, and pedunculated or sessile neoformations of diverse sizes from 2 to 10 cm in diameter, which became verrucose and increased in size. The patient was immunocompetent, and no hereditary or familiar precedents of importance were known.

Opportunistic filamentous mycoses: aspergillosis, mucormycosis, phaeohyphomycosis and hyalohyphomycosis.

Opportunistic filamentous mycoses are widely distributed all over the world. They are rarely observed in Europe but are common in developing countries. The most common are the aspergilloses (due to Aspergillus spp.

Cutaneous zygomycosis.

Cutaneous zygomycosis is a fungal infection caused by zygomycetes that affects the skin. It occurs in uncontrolled diabetic patients and immunosuppressed individuals. It has 2 clinical forms: primary cutaneous zygomycosis and secondary cutaneous zygomycosis.

Botryomycosis.

Botryomycosis is a chronic, granulomatous, infectious disease caused by several genera of bacteria with the formation of grains. The factors involved in its development are low virulence, an intermediate inoculum, and the immunologic status of the host. The pathogenesis of the disease is not well established, but the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon, which explains the formation of grains and the antigen-antibody reaction that characterizes the disease, is involved.

Acetylcholine receptor antibodies in patients with pemphigus vulgaris: correlation with disease extent at the time of diagnosis and during follow-up.

Several studies have tried to determine the relationship between autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor and the development of pemphigus vulgaris. In this study, we observed that antibody levels against the acetylcholine receptor are mildly elevated in pemphigus vulgaris (PV), and significantly correlate with disease severity on the initial diagnosis and during follow up. However, it is not clear if these antibodies are just an epiphenomenon or a potential trigger of the known pathogenic process in PV.

Serum lactate is a useful predictor of death in severe sepsis in patients with pemphigus vulgaris.

Background: Serum lactate is a useful prognostic marker in severe sepsis; high levels of serum lactate in critically ill patients are related to high mortality risk; assessing serum lactate levels in patients with pemphigus vulgaris is justified. The objective was to determine the role of serum lactate as a predictor of shock and its outcome in patients with pemphigus vulgaris and severe sepsis without acute organ dysfunction.

Methods: Thirty-seven patients with pemphigus vulgaris, 22 with severe sepsis and 15 without sepsis.

Endemic systemic mycoses: coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis and blastomycosis.

Endemic deep or systemic mycoses are common in specific geographical areas of the world. Coccidioidomycosis is present in semi-desert areas, histoplasmosis and paracoccidioidomycosis in tropical regions and blastomycosis belongs to temperate climates. The two former are widely distributed in the American continent and some tropical regions of the world; the third is limited to Central and South America, and the last to North America and Central and East Africa.

Tinea imbricata in the Americas.

Purpose Of Review: The aim is to provide an overview on tinea imbricata, or Tokelau, a superficial mycosis caused by Trichophyton concentricum, a strictly anthropophilic dermatophyte with a well-defined geographic distribution and predisposing factors that include genetic, racial and immunologic susceptibility patterns and a specific environment.

Recent Findings: This review covers the most interesting aspects of the infrequent disease tinea imbricata, including the historical background, the epidemiologic aspects, highlighting the genetic and racial patterns of susceptibility to the acquisition of the disease, and the immunologic aspects that help to explain its clinical behavior. We also present a clinical description of the disease, the differential diagnosis and how currently some other emerging diseases such as syphilis in immunocompromised patients can mimic tinea imbricata.